地震伤中小腿开放性骨折的特点及治疗经验

四川汶川发生里氏8.0级地震后,第二军医大学第七医疗队于5月15日凌晨抵达重灾区江油市,至7月7日离开54d中,共处理开放性胫腓骨骨折43例.山于地震伤在不同时期、不同震级、不同地理环境及建筑物条件下都有其不同的特点,加上胫腓骨开放性骨折的高致残率(截肢、感染、肢体短缩)在地震伤中的高发生率[1],故将这43例的病例特点及我们的救治体会总结如下.     

阿尔及利亚地震灾后中国危重伤员远程空中转运

目的 总结紧急远程航空医疗运送的经验，分析影响空运的多种因素。方法 通过2003年5月阿尔及利亚地震灾后，中方5名危重伤员的航空转运的实践，就转运计划、医务人员和医疗设备的配置、空中监护、心理干预等对远程航空医疗运送的作用和影响进行分析和总结。结果 5名危重伤员均安全转运至目的地。结论 制订周密的转运计划和进行细致的安排是成功转运的重要条件；灾害伤员的心理干预对安全转运有着特殊意义。     

汶川大地震后送伤病员病情特点及救治要点

2008年5月12日发生的汶川里氏8．0级地震造成37万余人受伤，近90％为肢体创伤病员。其中，10％-15％患者伴有颅面、胸腹部等处创伤。我院于2008年5月23日及28日分两批收治47名震区空运伤病员，其中骨科伤病员41例。本文针对我院接收的41例骨科伤病员的入院时病情特点、治疗措施及原则等作一简要总结。     

汶川地震陇南灾区伤情调查与分析

目的：调查分析汶川地震甘肃陇南伤情情况，进一步讨论如何采取措施应对突发灾害。方法：采用问卷调查、访谈等方法，对甘肃陇南地震受灾人口进行抽样调查，重点对伤员伤情、致伤原因、救治方法进行统计学分析。结果：在此次地震伤抽样调查中共有1652例，死亡16例，四肢骨折患者750例，占45．4％，精神、神经方面40例，占2．4％。通过有组织的及时救助伤员，减少了并发症的发生，降低了死亡率。结论：加强地震伤的预防与救治，从而有效地减少致死率和致残率。     

地震救援中现场截肢的探讨

目的探讨地震救援中现场截肢手术适应证、手术方法及伦理问题。方法映秀镇地震救援中现场截肢2例共3个肢体，采用局部麻醉，截肢平面靠近压迫物。术后补充等张盐水，补液速度1．5L／h，静脉滴注5％碳酸氢钠溶液150mL。口服头孢克肟胶囊，400mg顿服。结果截肢后2例患者均未出现严重并发症，次日送后方医院行二次截肢。结论灾难救援中现场截肢必须综合考虑，严格掌握适应证，必要的截肢可以挽救伤员生命。     

大地震创伤后应激障碍患者的心理与神经内分泌变化

目的 :研究唐山大地震所致慢性创伤后应激障碍患者基础血清皮质醇浓度和地塞米松抑制试验。方法 :唐山大地震所致创伤后应激障碍 3 5例 (研究组 )和 3 3例正常人 (对照组 )接受了基础血清皮质醇水平的测定和地塞米松抑制试验。结果 :两组基础血清皮质醇水平比较差异无统计学显著性 ,各组男女之间基础血清皮质醇水平分别比较差异亦无统计学显著性。两组服用相同剂量的地塞米松后 ,研究组血清皮质醇水平低于对照组和对血清皮质醇的抑制作用高于对照组 ,差异均有统计学显著性。各组男女之间的基础血清皮质醇水平、服用地塞米松后血清皮质醇水平和对地塞米松的抑制率比较差异无统计学显著性。结论 :唐山大地震所致慢性PTSD患者对糖皮质激素的敏感性增高而导致PHA轴负反馈抑制增强 ,无性别差异     

汶川地震亲历者心理健康状况调查

目的:研究汶川地震后受灾群众的心理健康状况及影响因素。方法:采用事件影响量表修订版(IES-R)等测量工具,对灾后一月内四川省什邡地区及转入本院的受灾群众共342人进行评估。结果:灾后一月内PTSD症状的发生率为45.9%,女性明显高于男性;两个群体PTSD症状的发生率差异不明显,但什邡地区症状程度较重,消极应对、脱离灾后环境等因素是PTSD症状的影响因素。结论:地震后受灾人群,PTSD症状发生率较高,其中女性群体应受到更多的关注。     

Association of habitual exercise with adults’ mental health following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident: the Fukushima Health Management Survey

IntroductionThe Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 impacted survivors’ mental health. This study examined whether exercise habits and mental health conditions were associated, and whether the degree of the effect varied depending on time.MethodsA self-administered questionnaire was sent annually to former residents (born before April 1, 1998) in registered evacuation areas. Exercise habit was evaluated by participants’ exercise frequency, and responses were categorized into “almost never,” “once a week,” and “twice a week and more.” Data were tracked during three periods: fiscal year (FY) 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014. The association between baseline habitual exercise and new onset of psychological distress was assessed using the Japanese version of the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale and logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 1304 (5.7%) of 22,741, 1060 (4.7%) of 22,709, and 759 (3.6%) of 21,220 respondents had psychological distress in FY 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014, respectively. An association between exercise and psychological distress was observed in men in FY 2011–2012 (P for trend: 0.010) and in women in FY 2013–2014 (P for trend: 0.026). “Almost never” was associated with onset of psychological distress in men in FY 2011–2012 [odds ratio (OR): 1.317, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.054–1.645] and in women in FY 2013–2014 (OR: 1.296, 95% CI: 1.027–1.636).ConclusionsExercise habit was associated with psychological distress, and its effect in time varied according to sex.     

The Relationship Between Quality of Life and Psychiatric Impairment for a Taiwanese Community Post-Earthquake

This purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between quality of life and psychiatric impairment in a Taiwanese community located near the epicenter of the 1999 earthquake, as assessed four to six months after the natural catastrophe. Trained assistants interviewed the 4223 respondents using the disaster-related psychological screening test (DRPST), an instrument specifically designed and validated by senior psychiatrists for assessment of psychiatric impairment after natural catastrophe. Additionally, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate quality of life. The collected results were analyzed using Windows SPSS 10.0 software. Psychiatric impairment rated moderate to severe was assessed for 1448 (34.3%) of the responding residents. The 4223 respondents were divided into 4 psychiatric-impairment groups based on DPRST score: healthy (n = 952); mild impairment (n = 1823); moderate impairment (n = 1126); and, severe impairment (n = 322). The four groups were compared for a number of salient factors, including gender, age, current marital status and psychiatric-impairment score, to determine impact on quality of life. Respondents assessed as psychiatrically impaired tended to be older, female, divorced/widowed, and less educated, and they were more likely to have experienced major familial financial loss as an immediate consequence of the earthquake. Further, the greater the severity of the psychiatric impairment, the lower the scores for quality of life, for both the physical and mental aspects of this important general indicator.     

Severity of pre-existing psychiatric illness and response to the Great East Japan Earthquake

Reports have described how psychiatric patients respond to disasters. However, previous reports on the response depending on diagnostic categories have provided no clear consensus. Here we analyzed response to the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011, among psychiatric patients in light of severity of pre-existing psychiatric illness. We studied psychiatric change among a population of psychiatric outpatients in Tochigi prefecture, located ∼160 km (∼100 miles) southeast of the Fukushima nuclear power plant, in an area that suffered moderate damage from the earthquake and radiation. A total of 294 psychiatric outpatients was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF-F). A change of ≥10 points in the GAF-F score was counted as a change in symptoms. The data were stratified by disease category, gender, and GAF-F score and analyzed using the Fisher's exact test. In the 2 months after the earthquake, 5.4% of patients showed evidence of a change in symptoms, with 4.1% worsening and 1.4% improving. Compared with patients having a GAF-F score ≤50, significantly more patients with a score >50 showed evidence of worsening symptoms. No significant difference was found with respect to gender or diagnostic category for patients with worsened or improved symptoms. Our findings reveal that a relatively small percent of patients with pre-existing psychiatric diseases showed evidence of a change in symptoms and that patients with mild-to-moderate psychiatric illness are potentially vulnerable to the impacts of a natural disaster.