血液净化联合季德胜蛇药片救治蛇咬伤致急性肾损伤临床观察刘皖娟 叶慧娟 叶文燕 丽水市中心医院急诊科 323000

目的 探讨血液净化联合季德胜蛇药片救治蛇咬伤致急性肾损伤的临床疗效。方法 选择2010年1月至2015年1月于我院接诊69例毒蛇咬伤后急性肾损伤患者,用随机数字表分组分为观察组和对照组,对照组33例主要运用常规的抗蛇毒血清进行治疗,观察组36例在对照组治疗基础上加用血液净化联合季德胜蛇药片,治疗后对比两组疗效及肾功能Cr,BUN,Cys-C,β2-MG,KIM-1,NAG指标情况。结果 治疗后对比两组有效率,观察组有效率94.44%,对照组有效率75.76%,观察组有效率高于对照组,统计对比两组数据,P<0.05;对比两组肾功能指标情况,观察组各项指标较对照组改善更为明显,统计对比差异性显著,P<0.05。结论 血液净化联合季德胜蛇药片在治疗蛇咬伤致急性肾损伤中疗效确切,,可以提高患者的治愈率,及时有效的改善肾功能,值得临床推广应用。     

重庆地区蛇咬伤后急救处理

目的：探讨重庆地区蛇咬伤的急救处理及分析治疗过程中凝血功能变化。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月～2013年9月收治的1191例蛇咬伤患者（男性696例,女性495例;年龄16～81岁,平均45.2岁）临床表现、治疗情况、凝血功能变化及分泌物细菌培养等。结果重庆地区蛇咬伤以蝮蛇为主,轻型患者830例（69.69％）,就诊时临床表现以患肢肿胀常见,占92.35％。五步蛇及眼镜蛇较蝮蛇导致凝血系统异常具有显著性差异（ P＜0.05）。咬伤溃疡创面分泌物行细菌加药敏试验培养率49.5％,细菌培养阳性率21.3％。结论我院蛇咬伤以蝮蛇咬伤常见,五步蛇及眼镜蛇等咬伤较少,但对凝血功能影响显著,需及早综合处理蛇伤,合理运用抗菌药物,提高防治水平。     

Rapid and Efficient Enrichment of Snake Venoms from Human Plasma Using a Strong Cation Exchange Tip Column to Improve Snakebite Diagnosis

Snake envenomation is a serious public health issue in many tropical and subtropical countries. Accurate diagnosis and immediate antivenom treatment are critical for effective management. However, the venom concentration in the victims’ plasma is usually low, representing one of the bottlenecks in developing clinically applicable assays for venom detection and snakebite diagnosis. In this study, we attempted to develop a simple method for rapid enrichment of venom proteins from human plasma to facilitate detection. Our experiments showed that several major protein components of both Naja atra (N. atra) and Bungarus multicinctus (B. multicinctus) venoms have higher isoelectric point (pI) values relative to high-abundance human plasma proteins and could be separated via strong cation exchange–high-performance liquid chromatography (SCX-HPLC). Based on this principle, we developed an SCX tip column-based protocol for rapid enrichment of N. atra and B. multicinctus venom proteins from human plasma. Application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) led to the identification of cytotoxin and beta-bungarotoxin as the major proteins enriched by the SCX tip column in each venom sample. The entire process of venom enrichment could be completed within 10–15 min. Combination of this method with our previously developed lateral flow strip assays (rapid test) significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the rapid test, mainly via depletion of the plasma protein background, as well as increase in venom protein concentration. Notably, the SCX tip column-based enrichment method has the potential to efficiently enrich other Elapidae snake venoms containing proteins with higher pI values, thereby facilitating venom detection with other assays. This simple and rapid sample preparation method should aid in improving the clinical utility of diagnostic assays for snakebite.     

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

In many cases of envenoming following snake bite, the snake responsible for the accident remains unidentified; this frequently results in difficulty deciding which antivenom to administer to the systemically-envenomed victim, especially when only monospecific antivenoms are available. Normally the specific diagnosis of snake bite can be conveniently made using clinical and laboratory methods. Where clinical diagnosis depends upon the recognition of specific signs of envenoming in the patient, laboratory diagnosis is based on the changes which occur in envenomed victims including the detection of abnormalities in blood parameters, presence/absence of myoglobinuria, changes in certain enzyme levels, presence/absence of neurotoxic signs and the detection in the blood of specific venom antigens using immunologically-based techniques, such as enzyme immunoassay. It is the latter which is the main subject of this review, together with the application of techniques currently used to objectively assess the effectiveness of new and existing antivenoms, to assess first aid measures, to investigate the possible use of such methods in epidemiological studies, and to detect individual venom components. With this in mind, we have discussed in some detail how such techniques were developed and how they have helped in the treatment of envenoming particularly and in venom research in general.     

1例CRRT联合HP治疗蝮蛇咬伤的护理简

蝮蛇是我国剧毒蛇类中分布最广的一种,蝮蛇毒为混合毒,兼有神经、血液毒素为特点,以血液毒素为主,进入人体后迅速引起严重的全身中毒症状而危及生命。我科于2012年8月23日收治1例腹蛇咬伤患儿,采用连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT ）联合血液灌流（H P ）治疗,通过精心、细致的护理,疗效明显,治愈出院。现将护理报告如下。     

Clinical profile,species-specific severity grading,and outcome determinants of snake envenomation: An Indian tertiary care hospital-based prospective study

Objective:

We undertook this study to assess the clinical profile and outcome determinants of different snake envenomation as well as to assign species-specific severity grade to different cases based on clinico – laboratory evidence scale.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective clinico – epidemiologic evaluation for outcome determinants of snakebite envenomation was carried out based on a clinico – laboratory severity grading scale, among 76 patients over a period of 2 years, in a tertiary care hospital in southern India.

Results:

Majority of patients were male agricultural workers (53.9%) followed by housewives (19.7%), and students (9.2%). Occurrence of viper snake envenomation with hemotoxic syndrome (73.68%) was highest followed by cobra and krait envenomation with neurotoxic (19.73%) and hemo – neurotoxic (5.3%) syndrome, respectively. On the contrary, maximum mortality and severity was seen in krait (60%) followed by cobra (13.33%) and viper (8.9%) envenomation. The average dose of anti-snake venom (ASV) administered varied from 9.83 (±7.22) to 20.25 (±4.92) vials throughout grade I to IV in all snake species envenomation. An increase in severity grade, ASV dose, and mortality were observed with the corresponding delay in ‘bite to needle time.’ Also, initial traditional treatments and krait species envenomation were significantly associated with higher grades of severity and mortality.

Conclusion:

There is an urgent need to spread awareness among the community for avoidance of traditional treatment and any delay in medical intervention in snakebite incidents.     

蛇伤凉血合剂治疗青竹蛇咬伤的观察护理

目的 观察蛇伤凉血合剂对青竹蛇咬伤的临床疗效.方法 将680例青竹蛇咬伤病人按随机法分为对照组和治疗组各340例,均给予清创、局部封闭、注射抗蝮蛇蛇毒血清及抗生素、速尿等常规治疗;治疗组加服蛇伤凉血合剂.观察比较两组疗效及肿胀消退时间、疼痛缓解时间、局部坏死发生率、肢体功能受限发生率、住院时间等指标.结果 两组病人临床疗效、肿胀消退时间、疼痛缓解时间、局部坏死发生率、肢体功能受限发生率、住院时间均有差异(P＜0.05).结论 蛇伤凉血合剂对青竹蛇咬伤疗效显著.     

Neuroradiologic findings in brown snake envenomation: Computed tomography demonstration

A case of fatal brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) envenomation is presented. The CT examinations show rapid development and progression of atypical bilateral intracerebral haematomas (ICH) which produce a fatal outcome despite correction of the underlying coagulopathy. The striking CT appearance suggests coagulopathy and is predictive of increased mortality.     

A ten-year retrospective review of 1 107 snakebite patients in Sanya, China

Sanya is the one of most southern cities and tropical cities in China,situated on Hainan Island.It located between 18°09′ and 18°37′ latitude almost the same geographic position as Hawaii.Because of Sanya＇s location,it is a suitable habitat for snake to reproduce as other tropical areas.