复发性流产患者易栓症指标筛检的意义

目的探讨易栓症相关指标与不明原因复发性流产(URSA)的相关性,为URSA患者的病因排查和治疗提供参考。方法选取2016年11月—2018年3月上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院104例流产次数≥2次的URSA患者作为URSA组,以45例健康经产妇作为对照组,检测所有研究对象血浆狼疮抗凝物(LA)阳性率、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)阳性率、蛋白C(PC)活性、蛋白S(PS)活性、抗凝血酶(AT)活性、凝血因子Ⅻ(FⅫ)活性和D-二聚体(DD)水平。结果URSA组LA阳性率、PC活性、PS活性、AT活性、FⅫ活性、DD水平与对照组比较差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论LA阳性、PS缺陷、FⅫ缺陷和DD增高与URSA密切相关。LA、PS、FⅫ、DD是URSA患者体内高凝状态较好的筛查指标,联合检测AT、PC,对预测URSA血栓形成有临床指导意义。     

胸段食管鳞癌术后复发模式及术后放疗靶区的研究北大核心

目的:研究胸段食管鳞癌术后复发模式,为术后放疗靶区勾画提供参考。方法:回顾分析我院2012年7月至2017年5月收治术后复发的81例胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床资料,参照AJCC第八版食管癌分期,将第1-8M站定义为上中纵隔淋巴结区,8Lo、9、15站定义为下纵隔淋巴结区,16-20站定义为上腹部淋巴结区。标记患者的复发部位,并分析局部复发、区域复发和远处转移的模式。结果:中位复发时间为12个月(2~103个月)。6例(7.4%)患者发生单纯局部复发,64例(79.0%)患者发生区域复发,11例(13.6%)患者发生远处转移。区域淋巴结复发中最高危的复发区域为上中纵隔淋巴引流区,此区域包含了82.8%的复发淋巴结,其次为上腹部淋巴结引流区(13.6%)。11例患者发生上腹部淋巴结复发,其中10(90.9%)例为胸下段,7例(63.6%)患者术后分期≥Ⅲ_(b)期。结论:胸段食管鳞癌术后复发模式以区域淋巴结复发为主,上中纵隔淋巴引流区为最高危复发区域,术后放疗靶区应重点包含。对于术后分期较晚的胸下段食管鳞癌,上腹部淋巴结引流区可能需要涵盖在放疗靶区内。吻合口、瘤床和下纵隔复发风险低,可不必常规涵盖在放疗靶区内。     

A practical guide to the evaluation of benign endometrial conditions in biopsy and curettage material

Sampling of the endometrium, via biopsy or dilation and curettage, is an important diagnostic tool in a wide variety of clinical scenarios, ranging from infertility and abnormal uterine bleeding to cancer surveillance in high-risk populations. This review describes the most common methods for endometrial sampling used currently and discusses the issue of specimen adequacy from an evidence-based perspective. It also focuses on select benign conditions involving the endometrium in the setting of abnormal uterine bleeding, ranging from anatomic/structural lesions to patterns indicative of a dysfunctional menstrual cycle. The topic of endometrial sampling evaluation in the context of recurrent pregnancy loss is also discussed, with insights on documentation of endometrial changes during the ovulatory phase and the diagnosis of endometritis.     

On estimands arising from misspecified semiparametric rate-based analysis of recurrent episodic conditions

Marginal rate-based analyses are widely used for the analysis of recurrent events in clinical trials. In many areas of application, the events are not instantaneous but rather signal the onset of a symptomatic episode representing a recurrent infection, respiratory exacerbation, or bout of acute depression. In rate-based analyses, it is unclear how to best handle the time during which individuals are experiencing symptoms and hence are not at risk. We derive the limiting value of the Nelson-Aalen estimator and estimators of the regression coefficients under a semiparametric rate-based model in terms of an underlying two-state process. We investigate the impact of the distribution of the episode durations, heterogeneity, and dependence on the asymptotic and finite sample properties of standard estimators. We also consider the impact of these features on power in trials designed to test intervention effects on rate functions. An application to a trial of individuals with herpes simplex virus is given for illustration.     

Homocysteine might increase the risk of recurrence in patients presenting with primary cerebral infarction

Purpose: Although hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is a risk factor for cerebral infarction, its effect on recurrent cerebral infarction is less-defined. We aimed to investigate the association of Hhcy and increased risk of recurrent cerebral infarct.

Materials and methods: From 2011 to 2013, we recruited 231 primary cerebral infarct patients that were divided to a Hhcy group (n?=?105) and a control group (n?=?126) according to plasma homocysteinemia (Hcy) levels exceeding 15?μmol/L. In this prospective study, risk factors such as gender, age, blood lipid and glucose levels, history of diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking habits and plasma Hhcy levels were determined. A three-year follow-up compared differences in cerebral infarction recurrence rates. Statistical analyses identified whether plasma Hhcy levels were an independent risk factor for recurrent cerebral infarction.

Results: Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the Hhcy group were significantly higher than controls, and cerebral infarct recurrence rates in the Hhcy group exceeded control subject rates through the three-year follow-up (p?=?.021, p?=?.036 and p?=?.025). Cox proportional hazards modeling showed that elevated Hhcy levels (hazard ratio [HR]?=?3.062, p?<?.001), increased age (HR?=?1.069, p?<?.01), circulating triglyceride levels (HR?=?1.686, p?=?.048), and relative National Institutes of Health Stroke (NIHSS) score (HR?=?1.068, p?=?.016) were risk factors for recurrent cerebral infarction.

Conclusions: Level of Hhcy was a risk factor for recurrent cerebral infarction. Further, particular demographic and clinical outcomes including age, relative NIHSS scores, and circulating triglyceride levels were markedly associated with the occurrence of cerebral infarction.     

Changes in knee extensor strengths before and after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction

Objective: Quadriceps dysfunction has been suggested as a complication after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in knee extensor strength before and after MPFL reconstruction.

Methods: Twenty patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction for unilateral recurrent patellar dislocation (18 females and 2 males; mean age 20.8 ± 7.6 years) were examined. The peak isometric torque at 60° and 90° of knee flexion and isokinetic knee extensor strength at speeds of 60°/s and 90°/s in operated and non-operated legs were measured using a dynamometer preoperatively and 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) body weight-adjusted muscle strength, (2) improvement index (post-/preoperative value × 100) (%), and (3) extensor strength ratio (operated/non-operated value × 100) (%).

Results: The mean knee extensor strength in both operated and non-operated legs significantly increased 2 years after surgery compared with that before surgery. At 2 years postoperatively, the improvement indexes of the isometric knee extensor strength at 60° and 90° and of the isokinetic knee extensor strength at 60°/s and 90°/s were 237%, 192%, 318%, and 186%, respectively, in the operated legs and 144%, 124%, 140%, and 140%, respectively, in the non-operated legs. At 2 years postoperatively, the mean isometric knee extensor strength ratios at 60° and 90° and the isokinetic knee extensor strength ratios at 60°/s and 180°/s were 81%, 84%, 81%, and 82%, respectively.

Conclusions: Knee extensor strength was improved in most patients after MPFL reconstruction, at least compared with that before surgery, although an approximately 20% deficit against the non-operated legs remained even 2 years after surgery.     

巩膜外黄斑外垫压术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的　探讨巩膜外黄斑外垫压术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离（macular hole retinal detachment，MHRD） 的可行性及疗效。方法　回顾性分析 2016年6月至2018年1月玻璃体切割硅油填充术后的复发性超高度近视MHRD患者10例（10眼），所有患者均由同一术者行巩膜外黄斑外垫压术，将MEDPOR种植体+人造血管+环扎条带制成的“三明治加压块”固定垫压于黄斑区，术后行眼眶CT检查明确加压块位置。术后6~12个月取出硅油。术后随访18个月，观察并记录术后并发症、视网膜脱离复位、黄斑裂孔闭合情况、术后视力、眼轴长度等指标。结果　眼眶CT显示10眼加压块均位于黄斑区；末次随访 SD-OCT示10眼视网膜完全复位，7眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合，3眼黄斑裂孔部分闭合；9眼术后最佳矫正视力（best corrected visual acuity，BCVA）较术前提高，1眼提高不明显；术前患者 BCVA为（1.55±0.26）LogMAR，术后3个月BCVA为（0.99±0.05）LogMAR，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）；术前患者眼轴长度为（31.27±1.18）mm，术后3个月为（28.81±0.87）mm，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。所有患眼均未发生眼底出血、眼内炎、涡静脉回流障碍、眼前部缺血综合征等并发症。结论　巩膜外黄斑外垫压术是治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视MHRD安全有效的手术方法，能提高视网膜解剖复位率、黄斑裂孔闭合率和视力。     

护理专案改善在减少住院患者跌倒中的应用

目的了解护理专案改善在降低住院患者跌倒发生率中的应用效果。方法将医院2016年1月—2018年12月的80例住院患者随机分组,传统护理组对于住院患者给予传统护理,护理专案模式组对于住院患者采取护理专案模式。比较两组满意评分;护理人员工作积极性评分;护理前后住院患者对跌倒危险因素的掌握水平、住院患者遵医行为;跌倒的发生率。结果护理专案模式组满意评分、住院患者对跌倒危险因素的掌握水平、住院患者遵医行为、护理人员工作积极性评分、跌倒的发生率对比传统护理组有优势,P<0.05。结论住院患者实施护理专案模式效果确切,可提高护理服务质量和住院患者自我防护能力,降低跌倒的发生率。