种植体黏膜下微生物在健康种植体和种植体周炎中的构成与差异：一项横断面研究

目的：探索种植体黏膜下微生物在健康种植体和种植体周炎中的构成与差异,并分析与临床指标存在相关性的菌种,为种植体周炎的病因学研究提供参考。方法：采用横断面研究,共纳入49例患者,20例为健康种植体,29例为种植体周炎,共采集49份黏膜下微生物样本进行16S核糖体RNA(16S ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA)基因高通量测序。对两组样本的多样性、菌群构成和差异物种进行分析和比较,采用Spearman相关性分析评价菌种与探诊深度(probing pocket depth, PPD)之间的相关性。结果：健康组的α多样性显著低于种植体周炎组[Chao1指数：236.85±66.13 vs. 150.54±57.43,P<0.001; Shannon指数：3.42±0.48 vs. 3.02±0.65,P=0.032]。主成分分析显示,两组样本的群落结构差异有统计学意义[相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM),R²=0.243,P=0.001]。与健康种植体相比,种植体周炎黏膜下菌斑中的牙周致病菌显著增加,包括红色...     

Expression of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-33 in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-33 in the peri-implantar crevicular fluid (PICF) and in parotid gland saliva (PGS) of healthy patients, and peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis patients.Materials and methodsThe PICF was collected from 40 implants as follows: 10 peri-implant mucositis patients, 20 peri-implantitis patients and 10 healthy patients. The PICF and PGS samples collected from each patient were quantified for IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-33 by enzymatic immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsIL-6, IL-17 and IL-33 levels on PIFC were significantly higher in peri-implantitis group when compared to healthy group. IL-17 and IL-33 levels in PIFC were significantly higher in peri-implant mucositis group than in healthy group. There was no significant difference when comparing IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-33 levels in PGS among healthy, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis groups.ConclusionsTherefore, as in patients with peri-implantitis there were significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-17 and IL-33 in PICF, we believe that these cytokines were intensifying local inflammatory process, and contributing to clinical aspects such as increased marginal bleeding and probing depth found in patients with peri-implantitis. Furthermore, as IL-17 and IL-33 were increased in patients with peri-implant mucositis, hypothesized that these cytokines were also contributing to the inflammatory process observed in this disease.     

甘氨酸龈下喷砂联合引导组织再生术治疗种植体周围炎

目的探讨甘氨酸龈下喷砂联合引导组织再生术（GTR）治疗种植体周围炎的有效性。 方法28例伴有牙槽骨吸收的种植体周围炎患者,按照随机、双盲、对照原则将种植体（共34枚）分成2组,分别行GTR,其中试验组（n= 18）在术中使用甘氨酸龈下喷砂系统对种植体表面进行清创;对照组（n= 16）采用塑料刮治器对种植体表面进行清创。在治疗前（基线）、治疗后3个月、治疗后6个月和治疗后12个月进行临床指标的检测,包括菌斑指数（PLI）、出血指数（BI）、探诊深度（PD）、临床附着水平（CAL）及影像学垂直骨增量。数据采用重复测量资料的方差分析,每个时间点采用独立样本t检验进行分析,试验组和对照组分别进行治疗前与治疗后的自身对比,并在基线、治疗后3个月、治疗后6个月和治疗后12个月进行临床指标的组间对比,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果在基线,试验组和对照组各临床指标差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。各组术后PLI、BI、PD、CAL及影像学垂直骨增量均较治疗前（基线）有明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。患者治疗后3个月,试验组与对照组BI、PLI、PD、CAL差异均有统计学意义（t_BI= 5.103,P_BI= 0.031;t_PLI= 5.556,P_PLI= 0.025;t_PD= 4.440,P_PD= 0.043;t_CAL= 4.879,P_CAL= 0.034）。患者治疗后6个月,试验组和对照组的PD、CAL差异均有统计学意义（t_PD= 4.994,P_PD= 0.033;t_CAL= 4.831,P_CAL= 0.035）。患者治疗后12个月,试验组和对照组的PD、CAL差异均有统计学意义（t_PD= 4.302,P_PD= 0.046;t_CAL= 4.325,P_CAL= 0.048）。患者治疗后6及12个月,试验组与对照组种植体的PLI和BI均有改善,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。患者影像学垂直骨增量在治疗后3、6、12个月试验组较对照组增加更明显,差异均有统计学意义（t₃=4.831,P₃= 0.035;t₆= 4.412,P₆= 0.044;t₁₂= 5.087,P₁₂= 0.031）。 结论在改善种植体周围炎炎症水平及促进牙槽骨再生方面,甘氨酸龈下喷砂联合GTR较机械刮治联合GTR更具优势,可考虑在GTR中使用甘氨酸龈下喷砂来提高种植体周围炎的治疗效果。     

Implant surface preparation in the surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis with autogenous bone graft and ePTFE membrane in cynomolgus monkeys

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the effect of four implant surface preparation methods used in the surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis with autogenous bone graft and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane. The methods were air-powder abrasive unit+citric acid, air-powder abrasive unit, gauze soaked in saline+citric acid, and gauze soaked alternately in chlorhexidine and saline. A total of 64 implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) surface was placed in eight cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). After a 3-month period with plaque control, experimental peri-implantitis was induced. A bone loss of 4-6 mm was established after 9-17 months and plaque control was re-implemented. The peri-implantitis defects were surgically exposed, granulation tissue was removed, and each implant surface was prepared by one of the above-mentioned procedures. The defects were then filled with autogenous bone graft particles and covered by an ePTFE membrane. The animals were sacrificed after 6 months. Evaluation by clinical parameters, radiography including quantitative digital subtraction radiography, histology, and stereology did not reveal significant differences between the methods. Almost total bone regeneration and considerable re-osseointegration were obtained irrespective of the method applied. A mean bone-to-implant contact of 39-46% was observed within the defects. Therefore, the present study of implants with a TPS surface in cynomolgus monkeys indicates that the simplest method involving gauze soaked alternately in chlorhexidine and saline should be the preferred implant surface preparation method in the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis involving autogenous bone graft and ePTFE membrane.     

Treatment of peri-implantitis by local delivery of tetracycline. Clinical, microbiological and radiological results

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical, microbiological and radiological effects of peri-implantitis therapy by local delivery of tetracycline. In 25 partially edentulous patients, 30 implants with radiographic evidence of circumferential bone loss, and peri-implant probing depths > or =5 mm were treated with polymeric tetracycline HCl-containing fibers. Clinical and microbial parameters were recorded at baseline, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (M) after treatment. Standardized radiographs were obtained at baseline, M3, and one year after treatment. Two patients were discontinued from the study after 180 days because of persisting active peri-implantitis with pus formation. The remaining subjects showed a significant decrease of mean peri-implant probing depth from 6.0 to 4.1 mm (M1, P<0.001), which was maintained over 12 months. In comparison to baseline, the bleeding tendency was significantly reduced after one month, and thereafter (P<0.001). No significant recession of the mucosal margin was noted. The radiologically determined distance from the shoulder of the implant to the bottom of the bony defect decreased slightly, but not significantly, from 5.2 to 4.9 mm. At M1, M3 and M6, mean total anaerobic cultivable bacterial counts were significantly lower than at baseline (P<0.001). A significant decrease in frequency of detection was noted for Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Fusobacterium sp., Bacteroides forsythus, and Campylobacter rectus (P<0.01). Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Eikenella corrodens had very low baseline frequencies that could not be significantly suppressed further. In conclusion, therapy of peri-implantitis by local delivery of tetracycline had a positive effect on clinical and microbiological parameters.     

Diagnosis and management of peri-implant diseases

Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory lesions which may affect the peri-implant mucosa only (peri-implant mucositis) or also result in loss of supporting bone (peri-implantitis). Peri-implantitis may lead to loss of the implant. Diagnosis of peri-implant disease requires the use of conventional probing to identify the presence of bleeding on probing, and suppuration, both signs of clinical inflammation. Radiographs are required to detect loss of supporting bone. Baseline probing measurements and radiographs should be obtained once the restoration of the implant is completed to allow longitudinal monitoring of peri-implant conditions. Two cross-sectional reports from Sweden indicate that the prevalence of peri-implant disease is high. Smokers and patients who have a history of periodontitis are more at risk for peri-implant disease. The main goal of treatment of peri-implant disease is to control the infection and to prevent disease progression. A number of studies have documented the successful treatment of peri-implant mucositis combining mechanical debridement and chemical plaque control. There is evidence supporting antimicrobial treatment regimens in combination with non-surgical or surgical debridement for peri-implantitis treatment. Long-term data to support these treatment protocols is limited. Whilst it is possible to treat peri-implantitis, prevention is the goal of supportive therapy.     

吸烟与种植体周围炎的相关性研究

目的探讨吸烟与种植体周围炎的相关性。方法选取35例吸烟患者口内78个种植牙作为实验组和43例不吸烟患者76个种植牙作为对照组,二期修复3年后进行种植体周健康检查,计算两组种植体存留率(retained rate,RR),及探诊后出血指数(modified SulcusBleeding Index,mSBI),探诊深度(probing depth,PD),种植体边缘骨吸收量(marginal bone loss,MBL),并进行比较。结果吸烟组与不吸烟组比较种植体存留率均为100%无差别;两组探诊后出血指数、探诊深度、边缘骨吸收量差异比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论吸烟与种植体周围炎的发生没有相关性     

Do dental implants facilitate bone invasion in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma? A case series

Osseointegrated dental implants in the vicinity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) will become more common given the increasing popularity of dental implants. Reports and studies of OSCC around dental implants are rare, as is the topic of how to handle OSCC surgically when implants are in contact with the tumour. In view of this uncertainty, a histological study was performed to assess tumour behaviour around implants. The aim was to determine whether an implant facilitates inward growth of the tumour and how this should be taken into account during staging and treatment planning. A total of 20 specimens were collected. The implants were macroscopically in contact with OSCC in 13 of the 20 specimens. Histologically, tumour tissue near the implant was indeed confirmed in nine of these cases. In seven cases, tumour invasion had led to resorption of the underlying jaw bone; tumour between the bone–implant interface was identified in only two of these cases, but without downward growth along the implant. In conclusion, no proof was found to confirm that the bone–implant interface is a preferred route for invasion. Therefore, dental implants in the vicinity of OSCC should not influence staging and treatment planning in this regard.     

种植义齿生物学并发症危险因素的回顾性分析

目的 ：分析引起种植固定义齿修复后生物学并发症的危险因素。方法 ：对2012年3月—2016年3月植入的725颗种植体随访5～9年,分别于修复完成3个月～1年、2～3年、4～5年、6～7年、8～9年测量种植体周黏膜指数（implant mucosal index, IMI）和种植体边缘骨丧失（implant marginal bone loss, MBL）,确定种植体周黏膜炎和种植体周炎的数量,统计种植修复后种植体周黏膜炎和种植体周炎发生率及其危险因素。采用SPSS 28.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：种植体5年存留率为98.7%。种植修复后8～9年的种植体周黏膜炎和种植体周炎发生率分别为37.5%和8.3%。吸烟、牙周炎、小直径种植体、非光滑颈部种植体、前牙区种植位点、种植体颈部骨增量等因素引起较高的种植体生物学并发症（P<0.05）。结论：种植义齿修复后生物学并发症的危险因素有吸烟、牙周炎、种植体直径、种植体颈部形态、种植位点、种植体颈部骨增量等。