Anteromedial minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for distal third humeral shaft fractures – Is it possible?: A cadaveric study

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the anteromedial minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) approach for distal third humeral shaft fractures and identify neurovascular structures at risk with this approach.MethodsTwenty cadaveric arms were fixed with 12-hole precontoured narrow locking compression plates (LCP) with the anteromedial approach using MIPO technique. The proximal approach was done between the biceps and deltoid muscle directly to the bone. The distal approach involved elevating the brachialis from medial intermuscular septum. The plate was inserted beneath the brachialis tunnel from distal to proximal. Three locking screws were fixed at each end through incisions and the rest of screws were inserted percutaneously. The arms were then dissected to identify damage to or direct contact between the screws and brachial artery (BA), median nerve (MN), musculocutaneous nerve (MCN), and radial nerve (RN). The distances from the screws to structures at risk, humeral length, and length of three distal screws in mediolateral (ML) direction were measured.ResultsThe average humeral length was 28.97 cm. The average danger zone for the BA and MN were 20.47%–62.66% of the humeral length from the lateral epicondyle, and 20.47%-75.02% for the MCN. The ulnar nerve was not endangered by this approach as it lies posteromedially to the humerus. The danger zone for the RN averaged 27.07%–43.74%, and the most dangerous screw that either penetrated or touched the nerve was at the fifth hole, which lay at 33.14% of the humeral length. The average length of three distal screws in ML direction were 41.4, 25.0 and 22.5 mm.ConclusionsThe anteromedial MIPO approach can be performed through the internervous plane beneath the brachialis muscle without exposing any nerves or causing any muscle splitting with a 12-hole plate. Both proximal and distal screw insertion must be done with direct exposure. Insertion of percutaneous screws in the middle part of the plate between the two incisions is not possible. This approach could be an alternative for extra-articular distal third humeral shaft fractures which provides less invasive surgical dissection, allows the use of longer distal screws, and achieves better cosmesis.     

The safety and feasibility of minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) of the posterior aspect of the humerus: A cadaveric study

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of applying MIPO of the humerus via the posterior approach and to observe the tension of the radial nerve in different elbow positions. Two separate incisions were made on the posterior aspect of the humerus in ten fresh cadavers (20 humeri). The radial nerve was identified at the proximal incision and the distances through which the nerve could be elevated from the bone with the elbow in flexion and extension were measured. A 10‐hole extra‐articular distal humeral locking compression plate was inserted and fixed through the submuscular tunnel. The tunnel was then explored to identify any entrapment of the radial nerve and to observe the anatomical relationship of the radial nerve to the plate and bone. There was no entrapment of the radial nerve or its branches. The distances through which the radial nerve could be elevated were greater with the elbow in extension than in flexion (P < 0.01). The radial nerve crossed the medial and lateral borders of the posterior surface of the humerus at 80.1–132 mm (average 104.7 mm) and 116.6–175.5 mm (average 142.7 mm) of its total length, respectively. The axillary nerve was located at 38.7–61.7 mm (average 47.9 mm) of total humeral length. MIPO of the humerus using the posterior approach is an alternative option for treating distal humeral shaft fracture. The risk of radial nerve injury can be minimized by careful dissection in the proximal incision. Clin. Anat. 32:176–182, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

应用MIPO技术锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨粉碎性骨折

目的：观察应用MIPO技术(微创钢板接骨术)锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法：使用MIPO技术对20例胫骨干粉碎性骨折进行锁定钢板内固定。术后平均随访8个月。结果：20例骨折均复位良好、顺利愈合,功能恢复良好。结论：运用MIPO技术锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨干粉碎性骨折具有较高的临床应用价值。     

外固定架辅助复位结合微创钢板置入内固定修复复杂性胫腓骨粉碎性骨折

背景：高能量的胫腓骨粉碎性骨折常合并软组织损伤,若在内固定过程中复位方法不当可造成软组织的二次损伤;寻找一种既能达到稳定的内固定,又尽量避免加重软组织损伤的方法是骨科医生研究的目标。 目的：观察应用临时外固定支架辅助复位结合微创钢板置入修复复杂性胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。 方法：广州医学院附属广州市第一人民医院自2008-02/2010-03收治的复杂胫腓骨粉碎性骨折患者39例,在行微创内固定的同时采用临时外固定支架术中辅助复位,内固定安放牢固后拆除临时外固定。 结果与结论：39例均获得随访,随访时间6~18个月。手术平均时间75 min,其中36例患者内固定后患肢肿胀程度轻,手术切口一期甲级愈合,2例患者伤口边缘水肿,结痂后瘢痕愈合,1例内固定后3个月出现急性骨髓炎,经保守抗炎治疗后恢复。未出现钉道感染、螺钉松动及切口感染、皮肤坏死、露骨露腱病例,依据AOFAS踝关节评分法,钢板置入半年后踝关节恢复情况：优29例,良8例,一般2例。踝关节屈伸活动范围≥30° 29例,20°~30° 8例,20°以下2例。     

MIPO技术结合LCP治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折临床观察

目的探讨MIPO技术结合LCP治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2008年3月-2011年4月于本院采用MIPO技术结合LCP治疗的38例股骨干粉碎性骨折患者的研究资料,将其设为观察组,同期采用带锁髓内钉进行治疗的43例患者为对照组,将两组患者治疗的优良率、出血量、负重行走时间、愈合时间及并发症发生率进行统计及比较。结果两组患者在优良率、出血量、负重行走时间、愈合时间及并发症发生率方面均无显著性差异,P均>0.05。结论 MIPO技术结合LCP治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的临床效果较佳,同时保证了其安全性,是股骨干粉碎性骨折的较佳微创术式。     

Indications and limitations of locked plating

The goal of fracture fixation is to achieve bone healing and restore the function of the injured limb in the shortest possible time without compromising safety. Newer technologies such as the locking compression plate (LCP) and its derivatives are valuable additions to the orthopaedic traumatologist's armamentarium. As with any emerging technology, the indications will be extended until a threshold is reached and the limitations of the technology are seen. It is vital that surgeons involved in fracture care are aware of when locked plating is superior to other methods and also when they should use another treatment modality.This paper reviews the use of locked plating as a fixation method. Five topics covered in this review are: a historical perspective on locked plating, general indications, specific modes and techniques, patterns of failure, and an anatomical overview of current indications for locked plating.     

锁定加压钢板微创固定治疗肱骨干骨折的初步报告

目的探讨锁定加压钢板(LCP)经肱骨前侧入路微创穿皮固定治疗肱骨干骨折的方法及疗效。方法2004年2月-2005年1月间,使用LCP经肱骨前侧入路微创穿皮固定治疗肱骨干骨折17例,男12例,女5例;年龄18-75岁(平均48岁)。根据AO分型:A型3例,B型10例,C型4例。结果经14-25个月(平均19．1个月)随访,17例患者全部愈合。骨折愈合时间为9-14周(平均11．3周)。末次随访时,肩关节前屈135°-180°(平均174°),后伸20°-40°(平均38°),外展70°-90°(平均87°);肘关节前屈115°-135°(平均133°),后伸-10°-0°(平均-1°);手臂肩残疾问卷表(DASH)评分6-44分(平均11分)。术后3例出现并发症:1例GustiloⅢB型开放性骨折发生浅表感染,经保守治疗后痊愈;1例术后出现一过性桡神经麻痹,3个月后症状完全消退;另有1例出现明显的肩肘关节功能障碍。无继发骨折移位及内固定物失效或断裂。结论LCP经肱骨前侧入路微创穿皮固定治疗肱骨干骨折可以提供稳定的固定,骨折愈合率较高,神经血管结构相对安全;更适合于粉碎性或骨质较差的肱骨干骨折。     

Lower limb malrotation following MIPO technique of distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures

Objective

To determine the incidence of rotational malalignment in distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures using computed tomography (CT) scanograms following indirect reduction and internal fixation with the minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique.

Design

Prospective Cohort.

Setting

Level I Trauma Centre.

Patients/Participants

A total of 27 consecutive subjects, and 14 proximal tibia and distal femur fractures.

Intervention

All patients underwent indirect reduction and internal fixation with a MIPO plating system. A CT scanogram to measure rotational malalignment between the injured and non-injured extremity was then undertaken.

Main outcome measure(s)

Femoral anteversion angles and tibial rotation angles between the injured and non-injured extremities were compared. Malrotation was defined as a side-to-side difference of >10°.

Results

A total of 14 postoperative tibias and 13 femurs underwent CT scanograms. Three females and 11 males with an average age of 38.1 years sustained proximal tibia fractures and six females and seven males with an average age of 55.8 years sustained distal femur fractures. The difference between tibial rotation in the injured and the non-injured limbs ranged from 2.7 to 40.0° with a mean difference of 16.2° (p = 0.656, paired T-test). Fifty percent of the tibias fixed with MIPO plates were malrotated >10° from the uninjured limbs. The difference between femoral anteversion in the injured and non-injured limbs ranged from 2.0 to 31.3° with a mean difference of 11.5° (p = 0.005, paired T-test). A total of 38.5% of the distal femurs fixed with MIPO plates were malrotated >10° from the uninjured limb.

Conclusions

Following fixation of distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures, the incidence of malrotation was 38.5% and 50%, respectively. The difference of the mean measures was significant for femoral malrotation; however, statistical significance could not be demonstrated for tibial malrotation. The incidence of malrotation following MIPO plating in this study is much higher than that quoted in previous studies.     

Bridging-minimally invasive locking plate osteosynthesis (Bridging-MILPO): technique description with prospective series of 20 tibial fractures

Bridging-MILPO provides an alternative to other internal and external devices in the management of tibial fractures. A pre-contoured, stainless steel locking compression plate (Synthes((c))) is fed subcutaneously through a small incision from a site distant to the zone of injury across the fracture site, respecting the fracture haematoma. Two or three locking screws are placed specifically at the ends of the plate. This 'spring leaf' like construct allows micro-motion at the fracture site. This induces callus formation, initially on the opposite cortex from the plate, accelerated by the allowance of immediate full weight bearing post-operatively. Twenty cases were performed over a 3-year period. Excellent final results were obtained in 19 out of the 20 cases. Complications included two superficial wound infections, one delayed union and one case needed revision plating. No loss of reduction was seen in any of the cases.