The effects of socioeconomic diversity on the language,cognitive and social–emotional development of children from low‐income backgrounds

Previous studies on the influence of mixed groupings within preschool classrooms have indicated positive effects on children’s development. This study extended earlier findings to determine the effects of socioeconomic diversity within the classroom on the language, cognitive and social–emotional development of preschool children of low‐income backgrounds. Twenty‐seven preschool children were enrolled in two classrooms in a private university’s child development center. Twenty of the 27 enrolled were from low‐income backgrounds. The children were tested to determine a baseline measure of their language, cognitive and social–emotional skills. Classroom observations of the children’s language behavior were coded. Post‐testing was done at the conclusion of the school year to determine growth in language, cognitive and social–emotional skills. Differences in language usage and social–emotional development were observed. These results suggest that mixed income grouping as well as teacher interactions influence language and social–emotional development of children from low‐income backgrounds.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体单核苷酸多态性以及基因-基因交互作用与体重异常的关系

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs) 10个位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)以及多个SNP间交互作用与体重异常的关联.方法 研究对象均来自于“江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征综合防治研究( PMMJS)”队列人群.采用单纯随机抽样方法抽取其中的820名研究对象的基线血标本进行PPARs的10个SNP(rs 135539、rs4253778、rs1800206、rs2016520、rs9794、rs10865710、rs1805192、rs709158、rs3856806、rs4684847)多态性分析,以随访时所测得的体重指数(BMI)确定体重异常.运用logistic回归模型计算10个SNP对体重异常发生的OR值和95％CI.采用GMDR模型检测10个SNP的基因-基因交互作用.结果 820名研究对象平均年龄(50.05±9.41)岁,体重正常者513人,体重异常者307人.体重异常组rs2016520的C等位基因频率显著低于体重正常组(26％ vs.33％,P＜0.01),而体重异常组rsl0865710的G等位基因频率显著高于体重正常组(37％掷.31％,P=0.01).多因素logistic回归分析显示,与野生型基因(TT)携带人群相比,rs2016520突变等位基因携带人群(TC+CC)发生体重异常的OR=0.63(95％CI:0.47 ～ 0.84),未发现其他SNP与体重异常的发生具有统计学相关性.GMDR模型结果显示,rs2016520和rs10865710的SNP间交互作用有统计学意义(P=0.0010),交叉验证一致性为9/10,平均检验准确度为0.5746.rs2016520、rs9794和rs10865710的SNP间交互作用有统计学意义(P=0.0010),交叉验证一致性为9/10,平均检验准确度为0.5834,其中三阶模型为最佳模型.结论 PPARδ的rs2016520基因多态性与较低BMI的关联具有统计学意义,rs2016520、rs9794和rs10865710三个SNP之间的交互作用对体重异常的发生风险存在显著影响.     

Synergistic interaction between meloxicam and aminoguanidine in formalin‐induced nociception in mice

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the nature of interaction between cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor meloxicam and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine in formalin‐induced nociception in mice and the possible therapeutic advantage. Methods: Antinociceptive effect of meloxicam (1, 3, 10 and 30mg/kg, oral) and aminoguanidine (10, 30, 100 and 300mg/kg, oral) and their combinations was examined in formalin‐induced paw licking model in mice. Analysis of variance and isobolographic method were employed to identify the nature of antinociceptive interaction. Results: Higher doses of meloxicam (10 and 30mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (100 and 300mg/kg) produced significant reduction in paw licking time (antinociceptive) in late phase of formalin‐induced nociception. Combination of sub‐threshold dose of meloxicam (3mg/kg) with increasing doses of aminoguanidine (10, 30, 100 and 300mg/kg) resulted in synergistic antinociceptive effect. Similarly, co‐administration of sub‐threshold dose of aminoguanidine (30mg/kg) with increasing doses of meloxicam (1, 3, 10 and 30mg/kg) produced significant reduction in formalin‐induced paw licking behaviour. The experimental ED₅₀ for combination with their confidence limits are below the confidence interval of theoretical line of additive interaction, suggesting synergistic nature of interaction between meloxicam and aminoguanidine in isobolographic analysis. Conclusion: Co‐administration of meloxicam and aminoguanidine showed synergistic antinociceptive effect which might possibly reduce gastrointestinal toxicity associated with the use of meloxicam.     

糖尿病肾病易感基因位点多态性的交互作用

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病(DN)分子遗传标志物在DN发生中是否存在交互作用.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对192例2型糖尿病患者正常白蛋白尿(DN0)组70例,微量白蛋白尿(DN1)组54例,大量白蛋白尿(DN2)组68例和60例健康对照者(NC组)的PC-1基因K121Q多态性、MnSOD基因V16A多态性、ApoC3基因启动子区-482C/T多态性及TGF-β 1基因T869C多态性进行检测,采用Taqman实时荧光PCR法检测P22phox基因C242T多态性、RAGE基因G1704T多态性,分别比较各基因多态性与DN发生的相关性,进一步采用多因子降维法(multifactor dimensionality reduction,MDR)分析基因-基因交互作用.结果 (1)在昆明地区汉族人中这6个基因位点的多态性分别与DN的发生有关; (2) PC-1基因、MnSOD基因、ApoC3基因、TGF-β 1基因、P22phox基因及RAGE基因多态性在DN发生中存在交互作用.结论 在昆明地区汉族人中PC-1基因、MnSOD基因、ApoC3基因、TGF-β 1基因、P22phox基因及RAGE基因多态性可能是DN发生的遗传危险因素,且在DN的发生中存在交互作用,可能是DN预测的最佳模型.     

ADCY9基因与儿童支气管哮喘的易感性及环境交互作用分析

目的 研究腺苷酸环化酶9（adenylyl cyclase Ⅸ,ADCY9）基因rs1967309、rs2230739、rs2601814、rs2601825、rs2601796和rs2283497位点单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs）及基因-环境交互作用与儿童支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）的关系。 方法 选取2019年3月至2021年9月就诊的哮喘儿童123例作为哮喘组,其中急性发作为轻中度84例（68.3%）,重度39例（31.7%）;124例健康体检儿童作为对照组。分析ADCY9基因6个位点SNPs及单倍型与儿童哮喘易感性的关系。同时采用广义多因子降维法分析基因-环境交互作用。 结果 哮喘组和对照组儿童ADCY9基因6个位点存在多态性,其中rs1967309位点基因型及等位基因在哮喘组和对照组间的分布差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单倍型TA、GG在哮喘组和对照组的分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。广义多因子降维法分析显示,rs1967309位点与变应原接触间存在交互作用（P<0.05）,该位点与变应原接触的交互作用使哮喘患病风险增加（OR=1.585,P<0.05）。 结论 ADCY9基因rs1967309位点与儿童哮喘易感性相关,且该位点和变应原接触具有协同致哮喘的作用。 ［中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24（9）：1027-1035］     

Symmetrical gangrene of the extremities associated with the use of dopamine subsequent to ergometrine administration

The occurrence of symmetrical gangrene of all 4 extremities after the use of dopamine, subsequent to the administration of ergometrine, is described. It is suggested that the concomitant use of these 2 agents should be avoided.     

Development and validation of an instrument to measure nurse-patient bonding

Background

Most instruments on nurse-patient relationship determine the caring behavior of the nurse, but have minimal consideration of the patient's role in the interaction. Moreover, it is the patients that complete many of those instruments, thus leaving out the perspective of the nurse. There is then a need to account for the contributions that both the nurse and the patient bring into their encounter where bonding is formed.

Objective

This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument that determines the degree of bonding between nurse and patient based on their openness to each other and their engagement in patient care.

Settings

Data were collected from nurses and patients in the wards of four public and private tertiary hospitals in Manila, Philippines, where most Filipino nurses render care to patients before getting employed in other countries.

Participants

A total of 420 nurses and patients (i.e., 210 dyads) participated in this research conducted in 2008. Most of the nurses were young females with beginning clinical experience, while the patients had a wider age range with the majority having no college education and no employment.

Methods

The Nurse-Patient Bonding Instrument (NPBI), which dimensions were generated from qualitative observations and interviews, and corroborated by literature, was validated at the bedside setting. To determine interrater reliability, two trained raters unobtrusively observed actual nurse-patient interactions and ticked on the NPBI behavioral indicators of openness and engagement. Construct validity was established using known-groups technique. Moreover, bonding score was correlated with patient satisfaction for predictive validity.

Results

Reliability ranged from r = .80 to .95 (p < .01). Factor analysis demonstrated that the subscale scores of patient openness, nurse openness, patient engagement, and nurse engagement all loaded on one factor, the bonding factor, demonstrating a unified structure of the NPBI. Nurses and patients had higher bonding scores in interactions of longer duration than shorter duration, controlling for number of previous encounters. This provided evidence for construct validity using known-groups technique. The NPBI was likewise shown to distinguish groups based on age, education, and civil status. Patient satisfaction correlated positively with bonding score, providing evidence suggestive of the predictive validity of the NPBI.

Conclusion

The NPBI was shown to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing nurse-patient bonding, and can possibly predict patient satisfaction. The openness and engagement of nurse and patient were demonstrated to result in a structure, a nurse-patient dyad. This finding invites further investigations on the characteristics and development of this dyad.     

Boys do it the right way: sex-dependent amygdala lateralization during face processing in adolescents

Previous studies have observed a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation related to emotional memory. Specifically, it was shown that the activity of the right amygdala correlates significantly stronger with memory for images judged as arousing in men than in women, and that there is a significantly stronger relationship in women than in men between activity of the left amygdala and memory for arousing images. Using a large sample of 235 male adolescents and 235 females matched for age and handedness, we investigated the sex-specific lateralization of amygdala activation during an emotional face perception fMRI task. Performing a formal sex by hemisphere analysis, we observed in males a significantly stronger right amygdala activation as compared to females. Our results indicate that adolescents display a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation that is also present in basic processes of emotional perception. This finding suggests a sex-dependent development of human emotion processing and may further implicate possible etiological pathways for mental disorders most frequent in adolescent males (i.e., conduct disorder).     

MK-0873, a PDE4 inhibitor, does not influence the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers

BACKGROUND: MK-0873 is a novel selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, which has been in development for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this indication, theophylline is still an important treatment, despite its relatively small therapeutic window. In view of this, it is important to investigate whether MK-0873 could affect the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of theophylline, when both drugs are given concomitantly. AIM: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of multiple doses of oral MK-0873, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability profile of orally administered theophylline in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Eight healthy, non-smoking male subjects participated in this randomized, open-label, 2-period, cross-over study. In one period subjects received an oral dose of 2.5mg MK-0873 for 6 days co-administered with a single oral dose of 250 mg theophylline on day 5. The other period consisted of a single dose of 250 mg theophylline on day 1. In each period, blood samples were collected at predefined time points to evaluate theophylline pharmacokinetics. RESULTS: All subjects completed the study. The study medications were generally well tolerated and no clinically relevant changes were observed in either treatment periods. No significant difference was found in the AUC 0-infinity (77.7 vs. 83.8h ng/ml; p=0.280) and Cmax (6.70 vs. 7.77 ng/ml; p=0.125) of theophylline between the MK-0873+theophylline and theophylline only treatment, and bioequivalence was demonstrated for AUC0-infinity (geometric mean ratio with 90% confidence interval: 0.930 (0.826, 1.047)). CONCLUSION: In this study, in a limited number of subjects, co-administration of oral MK-0873 did not affect the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral theophylline in non-smoking healthy male subjects.