丹参注射液对失代偿期肝硬化患者凝血功能的影响

目的:评价丹参注射液对失代偿期肝硬化患者凝血功能的影响.方法:失代偿期肝硬化患者40例随机平均分为丹参治疗组和对照组,前者在综合治疗的基础上加用丹参注射液治疗,治疗前及治疗后2wk测定凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)等凝血功能指标,并观察两组治疗期间临床出血情况.结果:治疗前对照组和丹参组PT,APTT,TT和FIB测定值分别为:17.2±5.9s,50.3±5.1s,21.5±2.5s,1.7±1.2g/L和17.5±5.7s,50.1±5.8s,21.3±2.7s,1.7±1.0g/L,治疗后对照组和丹参组PT,APTT,TT和FIB测定值分别为:15.8±5.0s,47.2±5.3s,19.2±2.1s,1.8±1.3g/L和14.5±4.0s,44.2±5.6s,17.2±2.4s,2.0±1.5g/L.两组治疗前后PT,APTT,TT和FIB均有显著差异(P<0.05),但丹参组比对照组对PT,APTT,TT和FIB的改善更为明显(P<0.05).丹参组治疗期间出血发生率明显低于对照组(25%vs50%,P<0.05).结论:丹参注射液能够改善失代偿期肝硬化患者的凝血功能,降低临床出血率,提示丹参注射液治疗失代偿期肝硬化是安全有效的.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与凝血-纤溶功能异常

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以气道、肺实质和肺血管的慢性炎症为特征。因肺内通气血流比例失调致慢性缺氧，可继发红细胞增多和血黏滞度增高，引起血流高黏、高聚、高凝及微血栓形成。COPD急性加重期凝血-纤溶功能异常进一步恶化，对病情进展的影响已经为临床高度关注。研究同时发现COPD与静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）关系密切，其合并深静脉血栓（DVT）甚至肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）已成为重要的医疗保健问题。     

Inflammatory, haemostatic, and rheological markers for incident peripheral arterial disease: Edinburgh Artery Study.

AIMS: Recently, markers of inflammation, haemostasis, and blood rheology have received much attention as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke. However, their role in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is not well established and some of them, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), have not been examined before in prospective epidemiological studies. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the Edinburgh Artery Study, we studied the development of PAD in the general population and evaluated 17 potential blood markers as predictors of incident PAD. At baseline (1987), 1519 men and women free of PAD aged 55-74 were recruited. After 17 years, 208 subjects had developed symptomatic PAD. In analysis adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD), only C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), and haematocrit [hazard ratio (95% CI) corresponding to an increase equal to the inter-tertile range 1.30 (1.08, 1.56), 1.16 (1.05, 1.17), 1.22 (1.04, 1.44), 1.22 (1.08, 1.38)] were significantly (P < 0.01) associated with PAD. However, these markers provided very little prognostic information for incident PAD to that obtained by cardiovascular risk factors and the ankle brachial index. Other markers including IL-6, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, d-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, and plasma and blood viscosities showed weak associations, which were considerably attenuated when CVD risk factors were accounted for. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective data showed that several inflammatory, haemostatic, and rheological markers are associated with incident PAD; however, their clinical utility is likely to be limited. Future research is necessary to validate the importance of these biomarkers explicitly on PAD and to address the causality of the reported associations.     

肝移植术时凝血功能障碍的处理

目的:探索同种原位肝移植术(OLT)时凝血功能障碍的诊断与治疗.方法:回顾性分析我院23例次OLT术前和术中凝血功能、术中出血量与输注凝血因子、血小板和红细胞悬液的关系.结果:术前69.6%、56.5%、30.4%肝病患者分别有凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)延长·中位延长时间分别为6.3、21.8、6.8 s;纤维蛋白原(Fg)和血小板计数(BPC)中位值分别为1.38g/L和47×109/L.术中100%、91.3%、65.2%患者PT、aPTT、TT分别较对照延长,中位延长时间分别为10.3、55.2、18.8 s;Fg和BPC的中位值分别为1.26 g/L和27×109/L.术前凝血功能正常或纠正充分者16例次,术中血制品用量明显减少,红细胞悬液中位用量4600 ml;而术前凝血功能纠正不充分者7例,术中出血量增多,血制品用量也明显增加,红细胞悬液中位用量9000 ml.结论:肝移植术加重术中凝血功能障碍;充分的术前准备和动态监测凝血功能并酌情补充血液成分可减少术中出血和输血,以保障手术顺利进行.     

部分凝血因子与慢性重型肝炎预后关系的分析

目的研究部分凝血因子以及凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、凝血酶原时间的国际标准化比值（INR）等检测指标与慢性重型肝炎（CSH）预后的关系。方法选择2007年6月2008年1月我院收治的CSH患者31例，依据病情转归，分为存活组（17例）和死亡组（14例）。使用德国BE公司生产的Thrombolyzer Rack Rotor全自动凝血仪检测PTA、INR、凝血因子Ⅱ（FⅡ：C）、凝血因子Ⅴ（FⅤ：C）、凝血因子Ⅶ（FⅦ：C）及凝血因子Ⅹ（FⅩ：C）水平。选用SPSS软件对所得数据进行单因素和多因素判别分析，并对各生化指标进行相关性分析。结果CSH发生时存活组与死亡组FⅡ：C分别为31．1％±10．8％和20．4％±18．5％，FⅤ：C分别为39．4％±19．0％和14．3％±8．7％，FⅦ：C分别为21．9％±11．8％和6．4％±4．9％，FⅩ：C分别为57．2％±26．1％和42．2％±24．5％，存活组与死亡组PTA分别为28．0%±8．0％和13．5％±5．1％，INR分别为2．1±0．6和4．4±1．6。单因素分析显示FⅦ：C与CSH预后具有相关性（P〈0．05）；PTA、INR、FⅤ：C与CSH预后具有非常显著的相关性（P=0．00）。二分类Logistic回归分析筛选出与CSH预后相关的主要凝血指标INR和FⅤ：C，两者结合可以明显提高对CSH预后判断的阳性率（93．5％）。相关性分析显示，INR、FⅤ：C与PTA高度相关，相关系数分别为0．862、0．711。结论FⅦ：C、FⅤ：C、PTA、INR水平可作为CSH预后的判定指标，其中FⅤ：C和INR较PTA更为特异，同时测定FⅤ：C和INR水平可以更早、更准确判断CSH预后。     

凝血因子VR2等位基因多态性在血栓相关性疾病患者中的分布

目的：通过检测血栓相关性疾病患者的凝血因子V（coagulation factorV)R2等位基因多态性，探讨R2单体型与血栓形成的相关性。方法：采用PCR-酶切法对100个脑血栓患者，96个心肌梗塞患者，45个深静脉血栓患者，80个系统性红斑狼疮患者，以及98个正常对照进行FVR2等位基因检测。结果：首次发现2例系统性红斑狼疮患者基因型为R2等位基因杂合子。结论：中国汉族人群血栓形成的遗传分子背景与FVHR2等位基因可能没有相关性。     

Comparison between siliconized evacuated glass and plastic blood collection tubes for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time assay in normal patients, patients on oral anticoagulant therapy and patients with unfractioned heparin therapy

Introduction: The study was designed to evaluate whether there was a statistically significant effect between evacuated glass tubes and plastic tubes on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Methods: Blood samples were drawn into four different tubes from three patient populations—apparently healthy patients, patients on oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists (OAT‐vka) and patients being treated with unfractioned heparin (UFH). Testing was performed on an automated coagulation analyzer, and statistical analysis was achieved using a test of variance (anova ). Results: For normal patients, there were no statistically significant differences for the aPTT test; however, there were statistically significant differences for the PT test. For patients on OAT‐vka, statistically significant differences were clearly observed between the four tube types for the PT test. For patients treated with UFH, there were no statistically significant differences for the aPTT test. Conclusion: The data showed a statistically significant difference between glass and plastic tubes in the normal population only for the PT test, with consequent repercussions for patients on OAT. This means that appropriate care and validation should take place whenever there is a change in tube type.     

Coagulation activation in diabetes mellitus: the role of hyperglycaemia and therapeutic prospects

Summary Numerous studies have shown that coagulation abnormalities occur in the course of diabetes mellitus, resulting in a state of thrombophilia. These observations are supported by epidemiological studies which demonstrate that thromboembolic events are more likely to occur in diabetic patients. The coagulation abnormalities observed in diabetic patients seem to be caused by the hyperglycaemia, which also constitutes the distinguishing feature of this disease. These data are also supported by in vitro studies which demonstrate how glucose can directly determine alterations in the coagulation system. The abnormalities observed involve all stages of coagulation, affecting both thrombus formation and its inhibition, fibrinolysis, platelet and endothelial function. The final result is an imbalance between thrombus formation and dissolution, favouring the former. Hyperglycaemia probably determines the onset of these abnormalities through three mechanisms which are, respectively, non-enzymatic glycation, the development of increased oxidative stress and a decrease in the levels of heparan sulphate. The first seems to affect the functionality of key molecules of coagulation in a negative sense. Oxidative stress constitutes an important pro-thrombotic stimulus, while the decrease in heparan sulphate determines a reduction in antithrombotic defenses. Good metabolic control could play a key role in controlling the coagulation irregularities in diabetes. However, considering the difficulties in achieving such an objective, it is possible that the use of drugs may represent a valid alternative. In fact, several drugs exist which are of potential interest. It is, however, necessary to perform long-term studies which demonstrate unequivocably that by controlling the coagulation abnormalities in diabetic patients, prolongation of life is possible.     

Effect of dealcoholized beer (Bitburger Drive) consumption on hemostasis in humans

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease has been shown in several epidemiologic studies. Such studies have also shown, however, that the protective effect of alcoholic beverages like wine and beer is not only due to the ethanol content but also to the presence of nonalcoholic constituents. The positive effect of alcoholic beverages has been attributed to changes in lipoprotein metabolism, but there is substantial evidence that effects on hemostasis play an important role. Whether the effects of alcoholic beverages on hemostasis are due exclusively to ethanol or are due, in part, to nonalcoholic components, is still under debate. METHODS: We have examined the hemostatic effects of 3 liters of beer, dealcoholized beer, and ethanol/water (v/v 4%), consumed over a period of 3 hr, in 12 young healthy volunteers. Platelet parameters CD62, PAC-1, and monocyte platelet aggregates were analyzed using flow cytometric measurements. The activity of factor VII was determined with a prothrombin time (PT) assay and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity using a chromogenic substrate. Thrombin generation was determined according to the method of Hemker. RESULTS: All three fluids administered, dealcoholized beer, beer, and ethanol, reduced the expression of activated fibrinogen receptor, the platelet activation marker CD62, and the formation of monocyte-platelet-aggregate. In addition, dealcoholized beer also showed significant inhibitory effects on thrombin generation, whereas beer and ethanol showed procoagulatory effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that the acute consumption of dealcoholized beer inhibits thrombogenic activity in young adults. This action could have a beneficial effect on the development of coronary artery disease. Thus, the consumption of dealcoholized beer could provide cardiovascular benefit without the negative effects of alcohol.     

四次甲基二砜四胺急性中毒患者临床血液学表现分析

目的:研究四次甲基二砜四胺急性中毒患者在血液学的临床表现。方法:观察123例四次甲基二砜四胺急性中毒患者血液学的临床表现、血常规、出凝血功能实验室检查。结果:123例四次甲基二砜四胺急性中毒患者血液学的临床表现为贫血貌16例(13.0%)、皮肤黏膜出血10例(8.1%)。血常规检查发现:中毒后第1天白细胞反应性增多病例数为102例(82.9%)、中性粒细胞百分数增高118例(95.6%),中毒后第3天血小板减少62例(68.1%),中毒后第10天血红蛋白减少16例、白细胞减少2例、血小板减少18例。凝血功能异常表现为凝血酶原时间延长29例(31.8%),活化部分凝血活酶时间延长68例(74.7%)。血常规与凝血功能异常呈动态变化,并与临床分型相关。随访1年,血液学的临床表现恢复正常。结论:四次甲基二砜四胺中毒能影响人骨髓造血功能及出凝血功能,这种影响是可逆的。