Current Clinical Practice DIC 2002: A Review of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

The turn of the millennium has seen clear advances in the understanding and management of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). The recognition that its pathogenesis stems from sustained thrombin generation in fuelling the cycle between inflammation and coagulation has seen the first successful treatment in severe sepsis through targeting this activity. An advance in treatment brings heightened relevance to laboratory testing, which now emphasises earlier detection and better monitoring to facilitate improved risk-identification and assessment of therapeutic efficacy. This review article also provides insights into future strategies that might build on the foundation of improving prognosis for the patient with DIC.     

Alternations of Maternal and Cord Plasma Hemostasis in Preeclampsia Before and After Delivery

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hemostatic factors in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: Maternal and cord plasma concentrations of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), von willebrand factor (vWF), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), D-dimer, and antithrombin III (AT-III) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 46 women with preeclampsia and 40 normotensive pregnant women before and after delivery. Results: The maternal plasma concentrations of TF, vWF, and sP‐selectin were higher, but lower concentrations of TFPI, AT-III, and D-dimer were observed in women with preeclampsia compared to normotensive pregnant women before and after delivery. Compared with maternal plasma, fetal plasma concentrations of TF concentrations were increased significantly in both groups, whereas vWF, FPA, TFPI, AT-III, and D-dimer were decreased. Compared with normotensive pregnancy, fetal plasma concentrations of TF were markedly increased in preeclampsia, accompanied with a higher vWF and a lower sP-selectin and D-dimer levels. Furthermore, fetal plasma TF concentrations were more significantly increased in women with high blood pressure and severe proteinuria. Conclusions: Imbalance in the coagulation/fibrinolysis equilibrium, especially alterations in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and anticoagulation, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In addition, fetal alteration of TF may be involved in the pathogenesis of fetal complications of preeclampsia.     

Therapeutic Use of FGA1 Infusions in Severe Pre-Eclampsia-A Major Clinical Potential

Pilot studies showed that, i.v. infusions of the renal prostaglandin A₁ (PGA₁) induced a triad of beneficial clinical responses in severe pre-eclampsia : the blood pressure became normotensive, renal function was markedly improved and labour was successfully induced. The present study was an attempt to develop a therapeutic schedule of PGA₁ administration in severe toxemia. Twenty one cases of severe pre-eclampsia (in 3 equal groups) received i.v. infusions of PGA₁ in a dose range of 0.1–0.5 μg/kgm/min for 12–24 hours and the B.P., uterine activity and FHR were contiuously monitored during and for 12 hours following the infusion period. The 0.1 μg/Kgm/min dose for 12 hours was inadequate while 0.5 μg/Kgm/min for 12 hours induced a good hypotensive response and the cases delivered within 48 hours but a post-infusion rebound in hypertension was observed. The dose of 0.5 μg/Kgm/min for 24 hours appeared to be optimal in clinical terms since a satisfactory effect on B.P. was recorded and all the subjects delivered normal babies during the infusion period with minimal or no post-infusion rebound rise in B.P. This approach holds a major potential in the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia.     

凝血检验标本采集与处理过程中的质量控制分析

目的观察分析凝血检验标本采集与处理过程中的质量控制。方法选择凝血检验标本采集与处理强化质控措施实施后(2018年3月至2019年2月)和实施前(2017年3月至2018年2月)在本院行凝血检验的健康体检者各41例,分别作为观察组和对照组。收集两组待检查者的标本采集、处理过程记录,比较两组标本不合格发生率。结果观察组凝血检验标本不合格发生率(2.44%,1/41)显著低于对照组(19.51%,8/41),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论强化质控措施可有效提升凝血检验标本采集与处理过程规范性,降低不合格标本风险,有助于保障凝血检验准确性和有效性,临床应用价值较高。     

TNF-α抑制剂对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠凝血功能及钙离子的影响

【摘要】 目的 分析TNF-α抑制剂对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠凝血功能及钙离子的影响,为TNF-α抑制剂治疗SAP提供实验依据。方法〓制做SAP大鼠模型;对照组:假注射组,20只,制备成SAP模型,尾部注射生理盐水;治疗组:SAP模型大鼠60只,治疗组1、治疗组2、治疗组3三个亚组各20只,模型制作成功后,分别按照0.15 mg/kg、0.30 mg/kg、0.45 mg/kg剂量水平,经阴茎背静脉注射TNF-α抑制剂;24 h后,麻醉,采血针抽取各组大鼠颈总动脉血3 mL,行凝血系列检测及观察血钙水平。结果〓试验期间,大鼠均存活,治疗组大鼠状态稍好,部分仍有自主活动、进食;治疗组1、治疗组2、治疗组3的APPT、FIB水平低于假注射组,治疗组血清离子钙水平高于假注射组;治疗组内3组间PT、APPT、FIB、血清离子钙比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗组内3组间血清总钙比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论〓SAP可致大鼠凝血功能减退,血钙水平降低,TNF-α抑制剂有助于改善SAP模型大鼠凝血功能及血清离子钙水平,作用机制与抑制炎症反应有关,且呈较明显的剂量依赖,在0.45 mg/kg剂量水平,改善效果更显著。     

归脾丸加减对围绝经期功血患者免疫功能的影响

目的:探究归脾丸加减对围绝经期功血患者免疫功能、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(sIL-2R)的影响。方法:选取2019年3月至2018年6月山东省济南市中西医结合医院收治的符合纳入条件的围绝经期功血患者118例作为研究对象,按照就诊顺序编号随机分为对照组和观察组,每组59例。对照组常规西医治疗,观察组加用归脾丸加减治疗,均治疗3个月。观察2组治疗前、完成治疗后T淋巴细胞亚群、IL-2、sIL-2R、凝血功能、子宫内膜厚度、激素水平、症状积分变化;完成治疗后统计治疗过程中的不良反应。结果:1)完成治疗后,2组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、IL-2较治疗前均显著升高,CD8+、sIL-2R则显著下降(P<0.05);完成治疗后观察组CD8+、sIL-2R显著低于于对照组,余均高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)完成治疗后2组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、子宫内膜厚度较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05),完成治疗后观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3)完成治疗后2组黄体生成素(LH)、促排卵生成素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05),完成治疗后观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。4)完成治疗后2组月经周期、阴道出血量、阴道出血天数、神疲乏力积分较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05),完成治疗后观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。5)完成治疗后观察组胃肠道反应、体质量增加、肝功能异常、乳房胀痛发生率均显著低于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:归脾丸加减能提高围绝经期功血患者免疫功能,抑制IL-2、sIL-2R,改善凝血功能,从而改善症状,提高疗效。     

狼疮性肾炎患者凝血纤溶指标的检测分析

目的:检测分析狼疮性肾炎患者凝血纤溶指标的变化及临床意义。方法:选择已确诊的狼疮性肾炎患者(狼疮性肾炎组)及原发性肾小球肾炎患者(肾小球肾炎组)各30例,平行检测两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及D二聚体(DD)水平以及不同病程狼疮性肾炎患者上述指标变化。结果:狼疮性肾炎组FIB、DD水平均高于肾小球肾炎组(P0.05),但PT、APTT差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。病程5年的狼疮性肾炎患者较病程≤5年的患者PT、APTT缩短,FIB增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:狼疮性肾炎患者存在高凝状态,且病程延长,高凝加重。     

Utilization Patterns of Coagulation Factor Consumption for Patients with Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a serious rare disease that requires continuous management and treatment for which the medicine is costly at the annual average of 100 million KRW for an individual. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in the utilization of coagulation factor (CF) used for hemophilia treatment using the National Health Insurance database from 2010 to 2013 in Korea and compare the utilization of CF with other countries. The consumption of CF per capita (IU) in Korea was not more than other countries with similar income to Korea. However, CF usage per patient IU was higher because the prevalence rate of hemophilia in Korea was lower than in other countries while the number of serious patients was much more. Therefore, it is difficult to say that the consumption of hemophilia medicine in Korea is higher than that in other countries. The consumption and cost of hemophilia medicine in Korea is likely to increase due to the increased utilization of expensive bypassing agents and the widespread use of prophylaxis for severe hemophilia. Even during the research period, it increased slightly and other countries show a similar trend. Thus, hemophilia patient management should accompany active monitoring on the health and cost outcomes of pharmaceutical treatment in the future. This study is expected to contribute to further insight into drug policies for other countries that face similar challenges with high price pharmaceuticals.     

左旋门冬酰胺酶对急性淋巴细胞白血病患者凝血功能的影响

目的探讨左旋门冬酰胺酶对急性淋巴细胞白血病患者凝血功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2017年1月我院血液科收治的100例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的一般资料。所有患者在化疗前均未接受过任何抗凝治疗。入院后所有患者均接受常规治疗,即使用长春新碱+柔红毒素+波尼松诱导治疗,治疗后予VDLP方案化疗。同时加用左旋门冬酰胺酶8000 U/m2,静脉注射,隔日注射1次。治疗3个月后对其临床疗效进行评价,并对治疗期间的不良反应进行观察,同时比较患者治疗前及治疗后第1天、第7天的凝血功能各项指标的变化情况。结果 100例患者中,完全缓解22例、部分缓解40例、病情稳定26例、病情进展12例,总有效率达62%(62/100)。100例患者治疗期间,10例发生过敏、白细胞计数下降9例、8例出现胃肠道反应包括恶心、呕吐。治疗后第1天,100例患者的PT、APTT、TT水平较治疗前比较显著升高,差异存在显著性(P0.05或P0.01)。但患者的FIB水平与治疗前比较显著降低,差异存在显著性(P0.05)。治疗后1周,所有患者的PT、APTT、TT水平较治疗前比较,未见明显差异(P0.05),而FIB水平虽然较治疗后第1天有所升高,但差异不显著,但与治疗前水平比较显著降低,差异存在显著性(P0.05)。结论左旋门冬酰胺酶治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病疗效确切,安全性好,但易产生凝血功能异常等不良反应,因此,应用左旋门冬酰胺酶临床治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病中应动态监测患者的的凝血功能,才能积极纠正凝血功能障碍,必要时应停药。