卵巢早衰临床特征探析

从卵巢早衰的病因病机、症状体征、性激素检查以及治疗探析本病的临床特征。结果表明,卵巢早衰的病因与家族遗传、性生活匮乏、过度操劳、不良生活习惯、失血性贫血、卵巢自身疾病以及医源性因素等相关;病机主要为肾亏脾虚,其次与心肾不交、肝脾失调、痰湿瘀浊等因素相关。症状以月经早闭为主,伴随绝经综合征的临床表现;体征为生殖器官的提前萎缩,促性腺激素水平升高,雌激素水平下降。治疗以补肾健脾为主,调理心肝为辅,配合理气活血,祛湿化痰,或中西医结合治疗。     

Postmenopausal oral estrogen therapy affects hemostatic factors, but does not account for reduction in the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: Hemostatic factors influenced by postmenopausal hormone therapy may contribute to atherosclerosis. The Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial (EPAT), a 2-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, demonstrated reduced subclinical atherosclerosis progression measured by change in common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) with unopposed oral 17beta-estradiol. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on the levels of several hemostatic factors, and the relationship between these factors and the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We measured tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, factor (F) VII, D-dimer and albumin longitudinally, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen at trial-end, in 186 postmenopausal women. RESULTS: Estradiol vs. placebo was associated with greater FVII and lower t-PA, albumin, PAI-1 and fibrinogen (all P < or = 0.001), with no estradiol effect on D-dimer (P = 0.42). Only mean on-trial t-PA was positively associated with the absolute level of CIMT on-trial (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001), but this was attenuated with age and body mass index adjustment. No longitudinally measured hemostatic factor was associated with CIMT progression. However, higher CIMT during the trial was significantly related to increases in t-PA. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm previous findings regarding estrogen's effect on hemostatic factors and show that albumin is negatively associated with estrogen therapy. These hemostatic factors did not account for the reduction of CIMT progression with 17beta-estradiol seen in EPAT. Atherosclerosis itself may affect levels of hemostatic factors (reverse causality), with subsequent involvement in atherosclerosis-associated thrombosis.     

Upregulation of cell surface estrogen receptor alpha is associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and promotes autophagy maturation

Recently, accumulating evidence has implicated the dysregulation of autophagy as underlying the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. The human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y was exposed to 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺). The mechanism is that the sustained activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway by MPP⁺ alters autophagy selectively at the maturation step, significant increasing in autophagy formation and delaying in autophagy degradation in SHSY5Y cells. In this study, we provided evidences that estrogen was capable of promoting SHSY5Y cells survival in MPP⁺-treated group. In particular, the up-regulation of mERα, but not mERβ, was associated with a rapid and transient activation of ERK phosphorylation compatible with promoting autophagy maturation. The up-regulation of mERα changed the sustained activation of ERK phosphorylation in MPP⁺-treated group into a temporary activation. Taken together, these findings strongly support that the expression of mERα promotes the maturation of autophagosomes into functional autolysosomes by regulating ERK, determining SHSY5Y cells survival.     

运动锻炼对雌激素缺乏所致小鼠抑郁样行为的作用及炎症机制

目的 阐明运动锻炼对雌激素缺乏所致小鼠抑郁样行为的影响及其炎症机制,并为运动锻炼治疗更年期抑郁症提供理论依据.方法 将60只雌性小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、假手术+运动组(Sham+ Ex组)、去卵巢组(Ovx组)、去卵巢+运动组(Ovx+Ex组).建立假手术和去卵巢模型,术后1周,运动组进行为期5周的跑台锻炼.运用糖水实验、旷场实验和悬尾实验来观察各组小鼠的行为学改变情况.提取各组小鼠海马组织,用ELISA试剂盒检测5羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)及炎性细胞因子的水平.结果 与Sham组比较,Ovx组小鼠发生了抑郁样行为改变,包括兴趣缺失、探究性行为减少、绝望情绪增加;运动锻炼可以改善Ovx小鼠抑郁样行为.与Sham组比较,Ovx组小鼠海马中5-HT含量降低(P＜0.0l),IDO含量升高(P＜0.05);给予Ovx小鼠运动锻炼能够逆转上述改变.与Sham组相比,Ovx组小鼠海马中促炎细胞因子IL-1β(P＜0.05)、IL-6 (P＜0.01)和IFN-γ(P＜o.01)含量增加,抑炎细胞因子IL-4 (P＜0.01)、IL-10 (P＜0.05)含量降低;给予Ovx小鼠运动锻炼能够逆转IL-lβ、IFN-γ和IL-4表达的改变.结论 运动锻炼可能通过减轻海马炎症反应来改善雌激素缺乏所致抑郁样行为.     

ER、PR的表达与乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍的相关性研究

目的：探讨雌激素受体( ER)和孕激素受体( PR)与乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍( CICI)的相关性。方法60例术后辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者作为乳腺癌组,其中 ER 和PR双阴性患者30例为A组、ER和PR双阳性患者30例为B组;另以年龄及教育程度相匹配的60例健康女性志愿者为对照组。分别对其进行简易精神状态量表( MMSE)和中文听觉词语学习测验( AVLT)测查。结果乳腺癌组与对照组MMSE成绩相比差异有统计学意义( t =-12．824, P <0．05);A组和B组在MMSE、即刻记忆和延迟记忆成绩方面差异均有统计学意义( t=-3．311、-3．616、-2．264, P<0．05)。结论化疗后乳腺癌患者存在不同程度的认知功能障碍,且ER和PR双阴性患者在总体认知功能及记忆方面损害较ER和PR双阳性患者显著( P<0．05),提示ER、PR的不同表达可能与乳腺癌CICI的异质性有关。     

盐酸帕罗西汀对卵巢切除大鼠学习记忆能力及血清雌激素水平的影响

目的：探讨抗抑郁剂盐酸帕罗西汀对卵巢切除大鼠学习记忆能力、血清雌激素水平及大鼠海马雌激素受体表达的影响。方法采用 SD 雌鼠双侧卵巢切除（OVX）作为雌激素波动引起的抑郁与认知障碍模型,用 Morris 水迷宫实验来测试大鼠的学习记忆功能。实验共分为正常对照组、OVX对照组、OVX 药物组。予5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂类药物：盐酸帕罗西汀10 mg／（kg·d）干预4周。采用 ELISA 法测量SD 大鼠血清黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素、雌激素。免疫组化法检测大鼠海马雌激素受体α（ERα）和雌激素受体β（ERβ）的阳性细胞表达数。结果① Morris 水迷宫实验中,OVX对照组和 OVX 药物组的逃避潜伏期明显缩短,停留在平台时间百分比明显增加。② OVX 药物组的血清雌激素较OVX 对照组明显增加（P ＜0．05）。③药物组与非药物组的ERα、ERβ表达无明显差异。结论帕罗西汀增加OVX 大鼠血清雌激素水平和改善学习记忆能力,而对海马ERα、ERβ表达无明显影响。     

Contribution of estrogen receptor subtypes,ERα, ERβ, and GPER1 in rapid estradiol‐mediated enhancement of hippocampal synaptic transmission in mice

Estradiol rapidly modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and synaptic transmission; however, the contribution of the various estrogen receptors to rapid changes in synaptic function is unclear. This study examined the effect of estrogen receptor selective agonists on hippocampal synaptic transmission in slices obtained from 3–5‐month‐old wild type (WT), estrogen receptor alpha (ERαKO), and beta (ERβKO) knockout female ovariectomized mice. Hippocampal slices were prepared 10–16 days following ovariectomy and extracellular excitatory postsynaptic field potentials were recorded from CA3‐CA1 synaptic contacts before and following application of 17β‐estradiol‐3‐benzoate (EB, 100 pM), the G‐protein estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) agonist G1 (100 nM), the ERα selective agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT, 100 nM), or the ERβ selective agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN, 1 µM). Across all groups, EB and G1 increased the synaptic response to a similar extent. Furthermore, prior G1 application occluded the EB‐mediated enhancement of the synaptic response and the GPER1 antagonist, G15 (100 nM), inhibited the enhancement of the synaptic response induced by EB application. We confirmed that the ERα and ERβ selective agonists (PPT and DPN) had effects on synaptic responses specific to animals that expressed the relevant receptor; however, PPT and DPN produced only a small increase in synaptic transmission relative to EB or the GPER1 agonist. We demonstrate that the increase in synaptic transmission is blocked by inhibition of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Furthermore, EB was able to increase ERK activity regardless of genotype. These results suggest that ERK activation and enhancement of synaptic transmission by EB involves multiple estrogen receptor subtypes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Who will benefit from treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)?

Clinical trials have demonstrated that the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene can reduce the risk of vertebral fracture, but have not unequivocally demonstrated an effect on non-vertebral fracture. Consequently it is recommended that raloxifene be used mainly in postmenopausal women with milder osteoporosis as a preventive measure or for treatment in those with predominantly spinal osteoporosis. Since the effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density and bone turnover may reverse soon after cessation, it is recommended that raloxifene be used as long-term therapy for 5-10 years. Because of its quicker offset, use of raloxifene may have advantages over potent bisphosphonates if use of anabolic agents are contemplated in an individual patient.     

绝经后妇女冠心病患者性激素变化的研究

目的 探索与绝经后妇女冠心病发病有关的体内性激素（ＳＨ）的变化规律。