Social stigma for adults and children with epilepsy

Summary   For many people with epilepsy, the continuing social reality of their condition is as a stigma. Epilepsy stigma has three different levels; internalized, interpersonal, and institutional. While there have been documented improvements in public attitudes towards epilepsy, the remnants of "old" ideas about epilepsy continue to inform popular concepts resulting in a difficult social environment for those affected. The social and quality of life problems arising from a diagnosis of epilepsy can represent greater challenges than are warranted by its clinical severity. The relationship between stigma and impaired quality of life is well documented. Tackling the problem of stigma effectively requires that all three of different levels at which it operates are systematically addressed.     

Sleep Problems among Mothers of Youth Stopped by the Police

Police stops are the most common form of criminal justice exposure in the USA, and are particularly common among urban youth, with 23% of them reporting a stop by the age of 15. While recent work has begun to illuminate the health impacts of police stops for these youth, little is known about the health consequences of youth police contact for the mothers of youth stopped by the police. The current study employs data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a sample of urban, at-risk youth and their families. Multivariate logistic regression models are conducted to examine the link between youth police stops and sleep difficulties among mothers. Additional analyses examine whether the features and consequences of police stops are associated with sleep difficulties among mothers. The findings indicate that mothers with youth who have experienced police stops are more than twice as likely to report both depression- and anxiety-related sleep difficulties compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, stops with certain features—including those characterized by intrusiveness, high trauma, and high stigma—emerged as consistently significant predictors of maternal sleep difficulties. The findings suggest that mothers who are vicariously exposed to police contact via their children are a vulnerable group. Given the non-random distribution of police contact across the population of youth, with police contact concentrated among children of color, the findings suggest that police contact may exacerbate racial inequalities in sleep, which may itself contribute to racial disparities in broader mental and physical health outcomes.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11524-021-00518-1.     

Stigma in place: Black gay men's experiences of the rural South

Black gay men (MSM) in the rural United States South are inequitably burdened by stigmatization and the HIV epidemic. Drawing from twelve oral history interviews with middle-aged and older Black gay narrators from rural North Carolina, this research explores the impact of sexual marginalization and the HIV epidemic on lived experiences of the rural South. Despite describing increasingly empowered views of HIV and sexual health, narrators expressed persistent difficulty managing social determinants of HIV vulnerability—sexual stigma and disconnection from LGBTQ collectivity. Narrators reported better managing sexual marginalization over their lifetimes in urban settings and places outside of the South such as New York (NY). This research suggests stressful structural and interpersonal experiences of stigma may define lived experiences of particular settings.     

PLIF手术部位早期感染的危险因素

【摘要】 目的 探讨HIV感染者/AIDS患者的病耻感水平并分析其影响因素及其与生活质量相关性。方法 采用一般资料调查表、社会影响量表（SIS）及SF36量表对2016年10月~2017年11月在北京佑安医院性病艾滋病门诊复诊的278例门诊HIV感染者/AIDS患者进行问卷调查并分析。结果 HIV感染者/AIDS患者病耻感标准化总分为(6690±1277) 分,不同婚姻状况、文化程度、月收入、有无稳定住所、HIV感染时间、感染途径的患者病耻感水平比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜005）。患者在情感职能、心理健康维度与SIS总分及各维度得分均呈负相关(均P＜005)。多元回归分析显示,有无稳定住所、感染时间、感染途径、情感职能及心理健康均与HIV感染者/AIDS患者病耻感相关。结论 HIV感染者/AIDS患者的病耻感水平受多种因素的影响,并与生活质量、情感职能及心理健康方面呈负相关,应引起临床医护人员的重视。     

西红花提取物对大鼠血小板聚集、软脑膜血流量和离体兔主动脉条的作用

经实验证明西红花提取物ＸＨＨ－１的小鼠灌胃ＬＤ５０大于１０ｇ／ｋｇ，毒性很小。ＸＨＨ－１的五个浓度（０．５、１、２、３、４ｍｇ／ｍｌＰＲＰ）均能显著地对抗由ＡＤＰ引起的大鼠体外血小板聚集，并缩短血小板最大聚集时间。ＸＨＨ－１浓度为４、８、１２ｍｇ／ｍｌ时，对ＫＣｌ引起的离体兔主动脉血管平滑肌的抑制作用与对照组相比都有非常显著的统计学意义。大鼠静注１０ｍｇ／ｋｇＸＨＨ－１后１０ｍｉｎ，软脑膜血流量增加５４％，２０ｍｉｎ时仍维持在相近水平，灌胃给药２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ后３０ｍｉｎ。软脑膜血流量同给药前相比增加了３９％，至６０ｍｉｎ仍维持这一水平，均有显著统计学差异。     

Napiętnowanie społeczne w chorobach przewlekłych

Regardless of diagnosis, chronic disease usually stigmatizes any patient. Social stigmatizing is one of the major risk factors for the quality of an individual's psychosocial functioning. Because of label of disease, patient is often ostracized. Social rejection equals a decline in mood and self-esteem. It also threatens emotional, social and intellectual growth of patients, particularly in developmental age. Limitation of peer contacts and lack of self-esteem may contribute to a loss of motivation. Such a condition often leads to discontinuation of medical recommendations. The stigma of the disease exerts a strong influence on the whole family system. Both patient's parents and siblings struggle with burden, whose negative consequences are reflected in family's and social's relationships as well as daily functioning. This paper discusses the definition, mechanism of the phenomenon, and consequences of social stigma, as well as presents literature review relating to stigmatization in the context of selected chronic diseases and family burden.     

HIV-related stigma experiences: Understanding gender disparities in Thailand

This paper assesses the relationship between gender and HIV-related stigma experiences among people living with HIV (PLHIV) – enacted and anticipated stigma – and PLHIV caregivers – courtesy stigma – in Northern Thailand, along with the underlying reasons for stigmatising attitudes towards PLHIV – instrumental and symbolic stigma – expressed in the general population. We used data from the Living With Antiretrovirals (LIWA) study conducted on all PLHIV receiving antiretroviral treatment in four district hospitals in Northern Thailand (n?=?513) and on a community sample of adults from the general population (n?=?500). Women living with HIV and female caregivers of PLHIV reported higher rates of HIV-related stigma experiences than men. Gender interacted with other predictors – the period of HIV diagnosis and age – to increase the level of stigma experienced. Among the general population, attitudes of contact avoidance were infrequent. However, stereotypes depicting PLHIV as blameworthy were highly pervasive, with women perceived as the “victims” of their spouse's irresponsible sexual behaviours. In this context, women were yet more often subjected to HIV-related stigma than men, in particular women diagnosed in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era and younger female caregivers. The role of gender in shaping disparities in HIV-related stigma experiences is discussed.     

脑卒中患者社会疏离及影响因素研究

目的 探讨脑卒中患者社会疏离现状及影响因素,为干预性研究提供依据。方法 应用一般情况调查表、Lubben社会网络量表、孤独感量表、脑卒中病耻感量表、自我感受负担量表,于2022年9月采用整群随机取样对河南省脑卒中患者进行调查。应用t检验、单因素方差分析、多元逐步线性回归进行分析。结果 共纳入患者1 028名,其中27.7%患者存在客观社会疏离,10.6%患者存在家庭隔离,8.9%患者存在朋友隔离,41.0%存在高风险社会隔离,27.8%患者存在主观社会疏离。客观社会疏离总分为（15.61±5.37）分,主观社会疏离总分为（41.65±9.08）分,处于中等水平。自我感受负担、病耻感与主观社会疏离呈正相关。多元逐步分析结果显示,自我感受负担、病耻感、文化程度、脑卒中发作次数、TOAST分型是其主要影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 脑卒中患者客观社会疏离较常见,主观社会疏离处于中等水平。在护理工作中应重点关注文化程度低、病情重、复发、自我感受负担和病耻感高的患者,采取针对性的干预措施。