泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的抗感染思路分析

目的 探讨泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的药物治疗方案。方法 以临床药师参与一例大面积烧伤患者的泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的抗感染方案为例，结合最新临床研究进展，探讨抗菌药物雾化吸入在治疗泛耐药细菌导致的肺部感染中的应用。 结果 泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌导致的肺部感染通常选择联合治疗，抗菌药物雾化吸入作为一种联合或补充治疗，可以提高肺部药物浓度，减少全身不良反应，但使用时仍需慎重选择临床适应症。 结论 临床药师应积极参与抗感染方案的制定，针对患者制定个体化的给药方案。     

Vaccination using inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces detrimental infiltration of neutrophils after subsequent infection in mice

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia. Given the emergence and high rates of antibiotic-resistant Mp strains, vaccines that prevent the pneumonia and secondary complications due to Mp infection are urgently needed. Although several studies have shown the protective efficacy of Mp vaccines in human clinical trials, some reports suggest that vaccination against Mp exacerbates disease upon subsequent Mp challenge. Therefore, to develop optimal vaccines against Mp, understanding the immune responses that contribute to post-vaccination exacerbation of inflammation is crucial. Here we examined whether Mp vaccination might exacerbate pneumonia after subsequent Mp infection in mice. We found that vaccination with inactivated Mp plus aluminum salts as an adjuvant induced Mp-specific IgG, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells. Toll-like receptor 2 signaling contributed to the induction of an Mp-specific IgG response and was necessary for Mp-specific Th17-cell—but not Th1-cell—responses in vaccinated mice. In addition, vaccination with inactivated Mp plus aluminum salts suppressed the number of Mp organisms in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicating that vaccination can reduce Mp infection. However, the numbers of total immune cells and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after Mp challenge did not differ between vaccinated mice and non-vaccinated control mice. Furthermore, depletion of CD4⁺ T cells prior to Mp challenge decreased pulmonary neutrophil infiltration in vaccinated mice, suggesting that Th1 or Th17 cells (or both) are responsible for the vaccination-induced neutrophil infiltration. These results suggest that, despite reducing Mp infection, vaccination of mice by using inactivated Mp fails to suppress inflammation, such as neutrophil infiltration into the lung, after subsequent Mp infection.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下神经外科实施急诊手术的思考与建议

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情严重。作为一个新发传染性强的呼吸道感染疾病,控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群是战"疫"要遵从的三大原则。在此疫情之下,神经外科医生应掌握COVID-19的临床表现和流行病学特点,尤其是针对COVID-19合并神经外科急诊患者,避免误诊漏诊,是当前的重中之重。为疑似或确诊的COVID-19患者实施急诊神经外科手术时,必须严格遵照卫生行政主管部门或所在医疗机构的相关防护规定,密切协调手术各方,所有人员均应做好三级防护,手术必须在负压手术间进行。对于不具备上述医疗条件的单位,宜尽快将需要急诊手术的COVID-19患者转诊至有条件的医疗单位。     

Empyema caused by Clostridium bifermentans: A case report

A case of pneumonia with associated empyema caused by Clostridium bifermentans is described. C bifermentans is an anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus. This organism is infrequently reported as a cause of infection in humans, and older publications tended to regard it as nonpathogenic. However, in more recent reports, C bifermentans has been documented as a cause of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, soft tissue infection, abdominal infections, brain abscess, bacteremia and endocarditis. The present case is the third reported case of empyema caused by C bifermentans, and it serves to further define the spectrum of illness due to this uncommon organism.     

Successful recovery of MERS CoV pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A case report

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) may cause severe pneumonia with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with multiple comorbid condition. MERS CoV pneumonia has not been previously reported in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Herein, we report a case of MERS CoV pneumonia with a successful outcome in a patient recently diagnosed with HIV.     

202例儿童肺炎静脉血C-反应蛋白和降钙素原的变化特点及意义

目的观察儿童肺炎时两个炎性指标C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)在不同病原感染时的血液表达水平及变化规律,以指导抗生素的临床应用,减少抗生素滥用。方法回顾性研究2015年1月～2017年9月期间在我院儿科住院治愈的202个肺炎病例,将其分为四组:病毒感染性肺炎组、细菌感染性肺炎组、支原体感染性肺炎组、支原体+病毒感染性肺炎组。收集这些病例的全血CRP、PCT实验室检查数据,去掉CRP、PCT的最大值和最小值,采用SAS 9.4统计学软件进行统计学分析,对比CRP、PCT在四组肺炎的表达水平。结果①病毒感染性肺炎组CRP表达水平最低,同细菌感染性肺炎组、支原体感染性肺炎组、支原体+流感病毒感染性肺炎组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其余三组间CRP表达水平无统计学差异。②细菌感染性肺炎组PCT表达水平最高,同病毒感染性肺炎组、支原体感染性肺炎组、支原体+病毒感染性肺炎组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其余三组间PCT无统计学差异。③CRP与PCT水平整体具有相关性,相关系数0.34(P0.001)。结论 PCT作为一个新型炎性指标对于预测细菌感染性肺炎较CRP具有更大的优势。     

Burden of clinical infections due to S. pneumoniae during Hajj: A systematic review

The burden of pneumococcal disease at Hajj has not been precisely evaluated through a systematic review. To this end we have conducted a systematic review on the burden of clinical infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae among Hajj pilgrims.Major electronic databases including OVID Medline, Web of Science, OVID Embase, Social Sciences Citation Index, Google Scholar and relevant websites (e.g., online Saudi Epidemiology Bulletin) were searched by using MeSH terms and text words containing but not limited to ‘Hajj’, pneumonia and S. pneumoniae. This was buttressed by hand searching of reference lists of identified studies.Of 21 full text papers reviewed, nine articles were included in this review. Seven studies reported the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia and the other two reported the burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases including meningitis and sepsis. The proportion of pneumonia that was pneumococcal ranged from 1% to 54% of bacteriologically confirmed pneumonias. The pneumococcus accounted for 2/3rd of bacteriologically diagnosed meningitis cases, and 1/3rd of confirmed cases of sepsis. Case fatality rate of pneumococcal pneumonia was recorded in only two studies: 33.3% and 50%. Only one study provided data on antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolates, reporting 33.3% to be penicillin resistant. None of the included studies provided data on serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae.This systematic review highlights the significance of pneumococcal disease during Hajj, and demonstrates paucity of data on its burden particularly on disease-causing serotype.     

Association between gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome and respiratory tract infections in children: A prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome and the incidence of pneumonia and recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) in children.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in the pediatric outpatient department of Beijing Dongfang Hospital. Children without respiratory tract infections (RTIs) were consecutively recruited according to the selection criteria. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to record traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms and demographic and physiological characteristics. Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome was considered to be a predisposing factor and was diagnosed according to a scale with reliability and validity. The participants were followed up for 12 months. Participants and their parents or guardians were contacted via clinical interviews and telephone every 6 months. Episodes of pneumonia and RTIs were recorded in detail.ResultsA total of 420 children were included. Of participants, 370 (88.10%) were followed up for 12 months. The mean number of RTI episodes per participant was 5.37 (95% CI: 5.14 to 5.60). In total, 186 participants in the gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome group and 184 participants in the non-gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome group completed the 12-month follow-up period. The baseline of both groups was comparable. The incidence of RRTIs in children with gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.59) times that in children without gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome. Logistic regression analysis revealed that abnormally increased appetite with frequent hunger, foul breath, dry stools, and dark red or purple fingerprints were positively correlated with the incidence of pneumonia. Irascibility and feverish feelings in the palms and soles were positively correlated with the occurrence of RRTI.ConclusionsGastrointestinal heat retention syndrome is a risk factor for RRTIs in children. Studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up time are warranted to confirm the degree of causal risk associated with RTIs.