狼疮性肾炎在终末期肾衰竭时肾脏替代治疗的特点

目的 探讨狼疮性肾炎（lupus nephritis，LN）患者在尿毒症阶段行肾脏替代治疗的特点。方法 收集上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院肾脏科近年LN患者尿毒症阶段的临床资料，包括完整的病史、病情演变、临床症状、实验室检查等随访资料，总结分析LN患者行肾脏替代治疗（renal replacement therapy，RRT）的特点。结果 入选规律性肾脏替代治疗的LN患者共23例，8例男性（35％），15例女性（65％）。其中10例（43．5％）首选血液透析（HD），13例（56．5％）首选腹膜透析（PD）。随访时间为6～211个月。随访中有4例患者死亡，2例（50％）死于心血管疾病（cardiovasculardisease，CVD），5年生存率为85．0％。皿患者中有4例（40％）在开始透析治疗后一年内肾功能部分恢复。PD患者中有2例（15．0％）在透析第一年后残肾Kt／V有上升。HD患者中有2例（20．0％）因心房纤颤、腕管综合征和瘘管功能不良改为PD。PD患者中有5例（38．5％）因腹水感染而改为HD。透析后第一年有14例（60．996）发生感染，有6例（21．6％）发生肾外狼疮活动。结论 进入肾脏替代治疗的LN患者的预后较好。部分患者在开始透析一年内肾功能可有不同程度恢复，CVD是LN终末期肾衰竭患者的主要死因。     

尿毒症患者淋巴细胞亚群改变的研究

目的了解尿毒症患者淋巴细胞亚群的改变。方法采用血液细胞计数仪对血液细胞进行分类与计数;使用单激光三色流式细胞仪,分析带荧光标记单克隆抗体染色的淋巴细胞及其亚群。结果①血常规计数表明:尿毒症患者存在淋巴细胞减少症(P<0.005),中性粒细胞百分比高于正常对照组(P<0.005);②淋巴细胞亚群分析提示:尿毒症患者CD3 、CD4 、CD8 细胞百分数以及CD4/CD8比值,与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);NK细胞百分数明显增高(P<0.005),透析组CD8 细胞数较未透析组增加[(27.45±7.26)%Vs(20.33±7.01)%,P=0.042],单核细胞数高于正常对照组[(75.6±9.68)%Vs(63.98±12.82)%P=0.039];B淋巴细胞数低于正常对照组[(4.33±1.69)%Vs(9.49±3.30)%P=0.001];③尿毒症患者表现为Th2细胞优势(P<0.05),Th1/Th2比值显著降低(P<0.05),长期透析后上述表现无改善。结论尿毒症患者T细胞亚群表现为Th2优势,透析患者存在B淋巴细胞减少,淋巴细胞亚群的这些改变可能参与了血液透析患者免疫功能下降的发病机理。     

维持性血液透析患者炎症状态与血清热休克蛋白70的关系

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者热休克蛋白70（HSP70）检测与炎症状态的关系。方法将MHD患者92例根据超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平分为2组：非炎症组（hs-CRP〈3mg／L）58例;炎症组（hs-CRP≥3mg／L）34例。检测2组患者血清前白蛋白（PA）、血白蛋白（Alb）、hs-CRP、血红蛋白（Hb）、HSP70、铁蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）等。结果尿毒症患者血清HSP70与hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、铁蛋白等炎症指标无明显相关性;与Hb、Alb、总胆固醇等营养指标也无相关性。非炎症组透析前HSP70水平较低,透析后迅速升高（P=0．013）;而炎症组透析前后的HSP70水平差异无统计学意义（P=0．871）。结论炎症状态可能是导致炎症组HSP70升高的原因;但HSP70不能反映MHD患者是否存在慢性炎症状况,也不能反映其蛋白质营养状态。透析前、后HSP70水平检测可反映机体抗应激反应能力。     

左卡尼汀及饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者营养不良的影响

目的探讨左卡尼汀及饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者营养状态的疗效。方法选择维持性血液透析营养不良患者30例,随机分对照组（A组）、饮食干预组（B组）和左卡尼汀组（c组）,每组10例;均给予每周3次血液透析治疗,B、C组患者给予饮食干预,C组每次血液透析后静脉注射左卡尼汀,连续观察12周,比如治疗前后体质量指数（BMI）、血总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（PA）、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、总胆固醇（Tc）及甘油三酯（TG）的变化。结果A组各项指标治疗前后无显著差异（P〉0．05）;B组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr、BUN、TC及TG在治疗前后有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;C组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr及BUN治疗前后有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;C组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr及BUN较B组升高更明显（P〈0．05）。结论通过充分的血液透析、饮食干预及左卡尼汀治疗能显著改善维持性血液透析患者的营养状态。     

血液透析和尿毒症对血清肿瘤标志物的影响

摘要 目的：了解血液透析和尿毒症对肿瘤标志物水平的影响。方法：采用病例对照的方法，选择67例维持性血液透析患者作为透析组、67例未行血液透析的尿毒症患者（CKD5期）作为非透析组，并选择419例健康人作为对照组。测定血清肿瘤标志物进行比较，并将血透组按血透维持时间分为两个亚组比较。结果：两组肿瘤标志物水平无统计学差异，2组肿瘤标志物CA153、CA125、CA242、AFP、Ferritin、β-HCG、HGH、NSE与正常对照比，差异有统计学意义；血清CA19-9、PSA、fPSA、CEA的差异无统计学意义。2个亚组肿瘤标志物水平差异无统计学意义。结论：尿毒症患者部分肿瘤标志物有不同程度的升高，血透不能清除肿瘤标志物。     

Gut bacterial translocation contributes to microinflammationin experimental uremia

ObjectiveTo investigate whether gut microbiome dysbiosis and translocation occurred in experimental uremia, and whether they consequently contribute to microinflammation.MethodsHealth male SD rats were randomly divided into uremic group and sham group. Uremic group were operated for 5/6 nephrectomy to establish uremic models, while sham group were only operated for nephrocapsulotomy. Postoperative blood, livers, spleens, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA amplification to determine if bacteria were present. Bacterial genomic DNA samples from the MLNs and colon were amplified with specific primers designed by the 16SrRNA sequence of the species obtained from blood, livers and spleens. Pyrosequencing was used to analyze the ileum and colonic microbiome of each subject. Intestinal permeability to 99mTc-DTPA, plasma hs-CRP, and IL-6 were measured. ResultsBacterial DNA in extraintestinal sites and altered colonic microbiomes at the phylum, family, and genus levels were detected in some rats in the uremic group. Bacterial genomic DNA in MLNs and colon were obtained by primers specific for bacterial species observed from blood, livers, and spleens of identical individuals. Intestinal permeability, plasma hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels were statistically higher in the uremic group compared with that in sham group(all P＜0.05). ConclusionGut microbiome dysbiosis occurs and presumably bacteria translocate to the systemic and lymph circulation, thereby contributing to microinflammation in experimental uremia.     

Acute Sodium Chlorite Poisoning Associated with Renal Failure

Background and Objectives: Different techniques of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) might have different effects on azotemic control. Accordingly, we tested whether continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) or continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) would achieve better control of serum creatinine and plasma urea levels. Design: Retrospective controlled study. Setting: Two tertiary Intensive Care Units. Patients: Critically ill patients with acute renal failure (ARF) treated with CVVHDF (n = 49) or CVVH (n = 50). Interventions: Retrieval of daily morning urea and creatinine values before and after the initiation of CRRT for up to 2 weeks of treatment. Measurements and Results: Before treatment, serum urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly lower in the CVVH group than in CVVHDF group (urea: 31.0 ± 15.0 mmol/L for CVVHDF and 24.7 ± 16.1 mmol/L for CVVH, p = 0.01, creatinine: 547 ± 308 µmol/L vs. 326 ± 250 µmol/L, p < 0.0001). These differences were still significant after 48 h of treatment (urea: 20.1 ± 8.3 mmol/L vs. 14.1 ± 6.1 mmol/L; p = 0.0003, creatinine: 360 ± 189 µmol/L vs. 215 ± 118 µmol/L; p < 0.0001). Throughout the duration of therapy, mean urea levels (22.3 ± 9.0 mmol/L for CVVHDF vs. 16.7 ± 7.8 mmol/L for CVVH, p < 0.0001) and mean creatinine levels (302 ± 167 vs. 211 ± 103 µmol/L, p < 0.0001) were better controlled in the CVVH group. Conclusions: CRRT strategies based on different techniques might have a significantly different impact on azotemic control.     

Structural Causes of Cardiac Dysfunction in Uremia

While coronary heart disease is undoubtedly a major cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in uremia, important noncoronary problems contribute to the common presence of cardiac problems. Based on clinical and experimental studies, we could show: (i) Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be dissociated, at least in part, from elevation of blood pressure, (ii) In uremia, PTH-dependent intermyo-cardiocytic fibrosis occurs; it may account, at least in part, for disturbed LV compliance and contribute to the arrhythmogenic potential. (iii) Blood pressure-independent abnormalities of intracardiac arterioles and reduced myocardial capillary supply are observed.     

Serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the hemostatic action of erythropoietin in uremic patients

Summary Recombinant human erythropoietin was administered to 12 patients with end-stage renal failure on long-term hemodialysis. They responded to the therapy with a shortening of the prolonged bleeding time, starting from the 1st week of therapy, before a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration was achieved. We also observed an increase in the activity of tissue plasminogen activator and a decrease in the activity of its inhibitor. There were no changes in platelet count but a significant increase in blood and platelet serotonin concentration was found. The shortening of the prolonged bleeding time before the correction of the anemia correlated with the rise in blood and platelet serotomin concentration during erythropoietin therapy. We suggest the possible involvement of an serotonergic mechanism in the hemostatic action of recombinant human erythropoietin.     

尿毒症脂质代谢紊乱发生机制的进一步研究

采用口服葡萄糖耐量试验方法（OGTT）,检测50倒尿毒症患者胰岛素糖代谢调节作用活性,分析胰岛素拮抗与尿毒症脂质代谢紊乱的关系。结果显示:（1）本组尿毒症者存在明显的脂质代谢紊乱,表现为血浆甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）水平增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）水平低下,LDL—C/HD—C比值增高;（2）胰岛素拮抗组较非胰岛素拮抗组其LDL—C水平和LDL—C/HDL—C比值显著增高;（3）相关分析显示LDL—C与胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）呈负相关,与胰岛素反应曲线下面积（AUCINS）成正相关;LDL—C/HD—C则与ISI、机体糖利用率（M）成负相关,而与糖反应曲线下面积（AUCG）成正相关。结论:胰岛素拮抗及其相关的高胰岛素血症、糖耐量异常与尿毒症脂质代谢紊乱有关,但其机制有待于进一步探讨。