固有淋巴细胞研究进展

长期以来,自然杀伤(NK)细胞被认为是固有免疫系统中唯一属于淋巴谱系的细胞群体,然而近来研究揭示人和小鼠体内存在着多种类型的固有淋巴细胞(ILC)。这些新发现的ILC群体主要分布于黏膜屏障部位,尽管数量较少,但在抵抗病原体入侵和维持组织器官稳态等方面发挥重要作用。ILC发育分化早期存在着共同前体,但在后期阶段受不同转录因子调控,成为表型和功能不同的ILC成员。不同ILC亚群有着不同的细胞因子分泌谱,依据辅助性T细胞亚群的分类方法,ILC家族可以分成三类。ILC多样性的发现极大地丰富了固有免疫的内涵,也为我们研究固有免疫和适应性免疫之间的联系开辟了新途径。     

自主性、依恋与初中生偶像崇拜的关系

目的：探讨自主性、依恋与初中生偶像崇拜之间的关系。方法：采用情绪自主性量表、依恋量表和偶像崇拜量表对192名初中生进行了问卷调查。结果：年龄、情绪自主性、依恋的同伴因子、依恋的沟通因子与初中生偶像崇拜呈显著性正相关（ r＝0．354～0．562）,依恋的父母因子、信任因子和疏远因子与初中生偶像崇拜呈显著性负相关（r＝－0．257～－0．443）;回归分析显示,年龄对初中生偶像崇拜具有一定的预测作用（R2＝30．6）;高度的情绪自主性、高同伴依恋和低父母依恋能有效地预测初中生的偶像崇拜（β＝0．243,0．387,－0．184;P均＝0．001）;低信任和低疏远能很好地预测初中生偶像崇拜的强烈个人化倾向（β＝－0．339,－0．291;P均＝0．001）。结论：媒体偶像为初中生从父母依恋向同伴依恋过渡提供了一个＂虚假的第二朋友群体＂,对单一偶像的强烈依恋不利于初中生发展。     

青少年性道德发展特点

目的:了解青少年性道德发展特点。方法:以自编青少年性道德问卷为研究工具,对502名13~18岁有效被试进行施测。结果:113~18岁青少年性道德发展都存在显著的年龄差异(F=38.50,P0.001)和性别差异(t=-8.109,P0.001),但年龄和性别之间交互作用不显著;213~18岁青少年性道德总体发展呈现先上升后下降的趋势,14岁是初中生性道德发展的关键年龄,17岁为高中生性道德发展的关键年龄。结论:13~18岁青少年性道德发展受年龄和性别的影响。     

教师心理健康素质问卷编制

目的：在理论分析和借鉴前人研究的基础上,对教师心理健康素质进行了理论维度探索。方法：通过访谈调查、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析,编制了适合中小学教师的心理健康素质问卷（ TMHDQ）。结果：教师心理健康素质问卷由一般心理健康素质问卷的8个维度和职业心理健康素质问卷的5个维度构成,各维度的内部一致性系数为0．708～0．879,0．702～0．838,因子的累积贡献率分别为70．38％、60．849％。结论：经验证,本研究编制的教师心理健康素质问卷具有良好的信度和效度,符合心理测量学的要求,可以在今后相关研究中作为了解中小学教师心理健康素质状况的测量工具使用。     

Endothelium and NOTCH specify and amplify aorta-gonad-mesonephros–derived hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first emerge during embryonic development within vessels such as the dorsal aorta of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, suggesting that signals from the vascular microenvironment are critical for HSC development. Here, we demonstrated that AGM-derived endothelial cells (ECs) engineered to constitutively express AKT (AGM AKT-ECs) can provide an in vitro niche that recapitulates embryonic HSC specification and amplification. Specifically, nonengrafting embryonic precursors, including the VE-cadherin–expressing population that lacks hematopoietic surface markers, cocultured with AGM AKT-ECs specified into long-term, adult-engrafting HSCs, establishing that a vascular niche is sufficient to induce the endothelial-to-HSC transition in vitro. Subsequent to hematopoietic induction, coculture with AGM AKT-ECs also substantially increased the numbers of HSCs derived from VE-cadherin⁺CD45⁺ AGM hematopoietic cells, consistent with a role in supporting further HSC maturation and self-renewal. We also identified conditions that included NOTCH activation with an immobilized NOTCH ligand that were sufficient to amplify AGM-derived HSCs following their specification in the absence of AGM AKT-ECs. Together, these studies begin to define the critical niche components and resident signals required for HSC induction and self-renewal ex vivo, and thus provide insight for development of defined in vitro systems targeted toward HSC generation for therapeutic applications.     

Single-Nucleus and In Situ RNA–Sequencing Reveal Cell Topographies in the Human Pancreas

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A reward-centred model of anorexia nervosa: A focussed narrative review of the neurological and psychophysiological literature

This focussed narrative review examines neurobiological and psychophysiological evidence supporting a role for altered reward processes in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). In AN, there does not appear to be a generalised inability to experience reward. Rather, data suggest that a reluctance to gain weight leads to an aversive appraisal of food- and taste-related stimuli. As a result, cues compatible with this aberrant mode of thinking become rewarding for the individual. Evidence also suggests that attribution of motivational salience to such cues promotes anorectic behaviours. These findings are consistent with models in which interactions between cognition and reward are important in eliciting the anorectic “habit”. A model is proposed which is consistent with elements of other theoretical frameworks, but differs in that its emphasis is towards neural overlaps between AN and addiction. It is consistent with AN being a reward-based learned behaviour in which aberrant cognitions related to eating and shape alter functioning of central reward systems. It proposes that the primary neural problem responsible for the development, maintenance, and treatment resistance is centred in the striatal reward system. This helps shift the emphasis of aetiological models towards reward processing, particularly in the context of illness-compatible cues. Furthermore, it suggests that continuing to explore the utility and valued nature of AN in the patient's life would be a useful inclusion in treatment and prevention models.     

Insights into the mechanisms of alveolarization - Implications for lung regeneration and cell therapies

Although the lung has extensive regenerative capacity, some diseases affecting the distal lung result in irreversible loss of pulmonary alveoli. Hitherto, treatments are supportive and do not specifically target tissue repair. Regenerative medicine offers prospects to promote lung repair and regeneration. The neonatal lung may be particularly receptive, because of its growth potential, compared to the adult lung. Based on our current understanding of neonatal lung injury, the ideal therapeutic approach includes mitigation of inflammation and fibrosis, and induction of regenerative signals. Cell-based therapies have shown potential to prevent and reverse impaired lung development. Their mechanisms of action suggest effects on both, mitigating the pathophysiological processes and promoting lung growth. Here, we review our current understanding of normal and impaired alveolarization, provide some rationale for the use of cell-based therapies and summarize current evidence for the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapies for pulmonary regeneration in preterm infants.