Development and Application of Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion

The present study reviewed the relevant recent literature regarding the development and application of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF), with a particular focus on its application and associated complications. The study evaluated the rationality of this technique and demonstrated the direction of future research by collecting data on previous operative outcomes and complications. A literature search was performed in Pubmed and Web of Science, including the following keywords and abbreviations: anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF), direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF), extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF), oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF), adjacent segment disease (ASD), and adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS). A search of literature published from January 2005 to January 2019 was conducted and all studies evaluating development and application of OLIF were included in the review. According to the literature, the indications for OLIF are various. OLIF has excellent orthopaedic effects in degenerative scoliosis patients and the incidence of bony fusion is higher than for other approaches. It also provides a better choice for revision surgery. It has various advantages in many aspects, but the complications cannot be ignored. As a new minimally invasive technique, the advantages of OLIF are obvious, but further evaluation is needed to compare its operation‐related data with that of traditional open surgery. In addition, more prospective studies are required to compare minimally invasive and open spinal surgery to confirm its specific efficacy, risk, advantages, learning curve, and ultimate clinical efficacy.     

小鼠前脑线粒体蛋白的增龄性变化

目的　探讨小鼠前脑不同发育阶段线粒体蛋白的表达变化。 方法　分别取妊娠12.5 d（E12.5）及17.5 d（E17.5）的胎鼠、出生2 d的新生鼠、出生3周的幼鼠和2月龄成年鼠的前脑组织,利用QRT-PCR和Western blotting检测小鼠前脑发育不同阶段中COX IV、HSP60、OGDH、PDHE1α的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。 结果　在E12.5 ~2 d的前脑组织中COX IV mRNA呈低水平表达,3周时表达量明显升高并达到顶峰;HSP60和PDHE1α mRNA在E17.5表达明显增高,OGDH mRNA则在2 d显著上升,三者表达水平均于2月达到顶峰。COX IV、HSP60、OGDH的蛋白水平从E12.5 ~3周无明显差异,但在2月时表达显著上升;PDHE1α蛋白随前脑发育其表达水平不断提高,并于2月达到高峰。此外,COX IV、HSP60、OGDH、PDHE1α mRNA与蛋白表达水平呈正相关。 结论　COX IV、HSP60、OGDH和PDHE1α可能参与了小鼠前脑发育过程且与年龄密切相关。     

Development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilms in vitro and the limited role of motility

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen of humans that is a major causative agent of chronic respiratory disease. M. pneumoniae infections often recur even after successful treatment of symptoms with antibiotics, and resistance to antibiotics is increasing worldwide, with nearly complete resistance in some places. Although biofilms often contribute to chronicity and resistance, M. pneumoniae biofilms remain poorly characterized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells of wild-type (WT) M. pneumoniae strain M129 biofilms, as well as mutants II-3 and II-3R, in vitro became increasingly rounded as the biofilm towers matured over 5 days. The role of gliding motility in biofilm formation was addressed by analyzing differences in biofilm architecture in non-motile mutant II-3R and hypermotile mutant prpC-and by using time-lapse microcinematography to measure flux of cells around biofilm towers. There were no major differences in biofilm architecture between WT and motility mutants, with perhaps a slight tendency for the prpC- cells to spread outside towers during early stages of biofilm formation. Consistent with an insignificant role of motility in biofilm development, flux of cells near towers, which was low, was dominated by exit of cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that motility-associated attachment organelle (AO) proteins exhibited no discernable changes in localization to foci over time, but immunoblotting identified a decrease in steady-state levels of protein P200, which is required for normal gliding speed, as the WT culture aged. Non-adherent strain II-3 and non-motile strain II-3R also exhibited a steady decrease in P200 steady-state levels, suggesting that the decrease in P200 levels was not a response to changes in gliding behavior during maturation. We conclude that M. pneumoniae cells undergo morphological changes as biofilms mature, motility plays no major role in biofilm development, and P200 loss might be related to maturation of cells. This study helps to characterize potential therapeutic targets for M. pneumoniae infections.     

小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术方法的改良

目的 优化小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术,用于检测胎鼠大脑新生神经元的迁移和分化特征。 方法 通过选择异氟烷气体麻醉方式,改进毛细玻璃针的制备方法,减少手术中胚胎的暴露时间,优化电转参数等,对小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术进行一系列优化。采用优化的子宫内胚胎电转技术给6只怀孕16.5 d的孕鼠进行了手术,共电转胚胎42只。 结果 电转后孕鼠和胚胎的存活率达到100%,其中大脑表达外源基因的胎鼠占85%±3%。 结论 优化的小鼠子宫内胚胎电转技术可以获得令人满意的胎鼠存活率和基因电转效率。     

Distribution of nerve fibers during the development of palatine glands in rats

Background

Salivary gland maturation and function are modulated by the nervous system. Nevertheless, little is known about salivary gland innervation during development, particularly minor salivary glands. This study investigated the development of the innervation of the palatine glands of rat.

The renaissance of clinical leadership

The purpose of this work was to explore clinical nursing leadership. The research was based on a critical examination of the leadership themes derived from the nursing literature of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australia, between 1992 and 1997. The work was also influenced by the findings from semistructured interviews undertaken with five clinical leaders in nursing from the United Kingdom, and study tours to both the United States of America and Australia. The findings support a proposed leadership model as a basis for further exploration and as a framework for contemplating clinical leadership and leadership preparation. A model is presented that identifies factors which influence leadership styles, such as external environment, internal environment, experience and understanding. Four leadership styles are outlined: transactional, transformational, connective and renaissance. These leadership styles are linked to nursing care approaches. A second model provides a basis for considering power and its impact in the workplace. Based on these findings, the contents of a leadership preparation course are outlined.     

睡眠医学专业委员会2015年度学术述评报告

本文概述了2015年度主要学术活动,包括睡眠会议、睡眠标准、杂志编辑等多项工作。在睡眠医学专业委员会学术大会上发表的主要睡眠医学相关论文,介绍了睡眠医学在中医界的发展概况,并且探讨在新形势下如何制定睡眠医学相关标准。最后,对明年的工作提出初步设想。     

婴幼儿发育迟缓的脑磁共振扩散张量成像研究

目的应用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究发育迟缓婴幼儿脑白质的各向异性(FA)值,探讨其与正常婴幼儿脑白质有无差异。资料与方法对40例发育迟缓和40例正常婴幼儿进行了常规MRI及DTI扫描,并以常规MRI表现将发育迟缓组分为常规MRI表现正常和常规MRI表现脑白质发育迟缓。分别测量5个深部脑白质与4个浅部脑白质的FA值,并对结果进行统计学比较。结果发育迟缓组各测量部位FA值低于对照组,除内囊后肢外差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。发育迟缓常规MRI表现正常患儿深部脑白质FA值低于正常组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);浅部脑白质FA值低于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);发育迟缓常规MRI表现发育迟缓脑白质FA值均低于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用DTI FA值的测量能定量诊断婴幼儿脑白质发育迟缓,尤其常规MRI正常的发育迟缓患儿浅部脑白质FA值低于对照组,可明确诊断发育迟缓。     

无脑损伤早产儿神经行为发育的调查分析与护理

目的探讨无脑损伤早产儿体格、发育商、社会生活能力的发育。方法设61例无异常分娩史且头颅CT除外脑损伤的早产儿为实验组,35例正常足月顺产儿为对照组。分别对2组进行出生后6个月体格、发育商、社会生活能力调查。结果早产儿体格发育、发育商、社会生活能力均落后于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。实验组体质量、身高、头围差于对照组;实验组发育商正常者较对照组少22%;社会生活能力实验组正常以上占51%,对照组占89%。结论早产儿由于过早脱离母体,即使无脑损伤,其体格、神经行为发育仍受到影响;合理的营养及适时的早期教育值得提倡。     

Developmental stress and lead (Pb): Effects of maternal separation and/or Pb on corticosterone,monoamines, and blood Pb in rats

The level of lead (Pb) exposure in children has decreased dramatically since restrictions on its use were implemented. However, even with restrictions, children are exposed to Pb and still present with cognitive and behavioral deficits. One prominent aspect of the exposome of these children is that many come from low social economic status (SES) conditions, and low SES is associated with stress. In order to compare the combined effects of early stress and Pb, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to vehicle or Pb either alone or in combination with maternal separation stress during brain development (i.e., postnatal day (P)4–P11, P19, or P28). Maternally separated/isolated pups had lower body and thymus weights during exposure and had increased levels of blood Pb compared with vehicle controls. Isolation, but not Pb, affected the response to an acute stressor (standing in shallow water) when assessed on P19 and P29, but not earlier on P11. Interactions of Pb and isolation were found on monoamines in the neostriatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus on turnover but not on levels, and most changes were on dopamine turnover. Isolation had greater short-term effects than Pb. Interactions were dependent on age, sex, and acute stress.