阿尔茨海默氏病动物模型的建立

目的　建立大鼠阿尔茨海默氏病动物模型 ,观察大鼠病理学和行为学改变。方法　 2 4只Wis tar大鼠被随机分为实验组 (12只 )和对照组 (12只 ) ,实验组用ALZET微型渗透泵侧脑室内缓慢灌注Aβ1-42 ,对照组灌注等量的磷酸缓冲液。 2 8天后用Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力 ;用硫磺素 S法和镀银法检测大鼠海马、大脑皮质中老年斑和神经原纤维缠结形成情况。结果　实验组大鼠的学习、记忆功能与对照组相比均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,实验组大鼠海马和皮层可见老年斑沉积和神经原纤维缠结形成 ,而对照组大鼠未见老年斑沉积和神经原纤维缠结形成。结论　通过微型渗透泵侧脑室内慢性灌注Aβ1-42 是一种成功的Alzheimer’s病动物模型。     

Lipoprotein concentrations in untreated adult onset diabetes mellitus and the relationship of the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration to insulin secretion.

Plasma lipoprotein concentrations in 64 untreated adult onset diabetics were compared to the lipoprotein levels found in non diabetics. No significant difference was found. The relationship of the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration to the plasma immunoreaction insulin response to 50 g glucose orally was investigated. Using correlation analysis a significant and insulin response in the non diabetics but not in the diabetics.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对缺血再灌注损伤后肠道细胞信号转导途径的影响

目的：观察给予外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF)后大鼠肠道细胞信号转导途径细胞外信号调节激酶（p42/p44MAPK)活性的变化,并探讨外源性bFGF对大鼠肠缺血-再灌注（I-R）损伤保护作用的分子机制。方法：以大鼠肠系膜上动脉（SMA）夹闭造成肠道缺血-再灌注模型,并将动物随机分为假手术组,生理盐水对照组,bFGF抗体预处理组及bFGF治疗组,各组分别于缺血45分钟及再灌注后2、6、24和48小时活杀动物,取血及小肠组织标本,检测血浆中二胺氧化酶（DAO）含量及组织中磷酸化p42/p44MAPK的活性。结果：缺血-再灌注损伤可激活p42/p44MAPK信号转导途径,磷酸化p42/p44MAPK在小肠的绒毛及隐窝部的上皮细胞及绒毛的基质细胞中均有表达,与生理盐水对照组及bFGF抗体预处理组相比,bFGF治疗组磷酸化p42/p44MAPK的表达被快速激活,于再灌注后2小时即达高峰,而其它2组在6小时达峰值,血浆DAO变化及HE染色显示,再灌注后6小时肠屏障功能损伤最严重,而bFGF治疗组损伤在伤后48小时较其它2组有所减轻。结论：I-R损伤可激活p42/p44MAPK信号转导途径,而外源性bFGF可使p42/p44MAPK表达的峰值提前,提示bFGF对肠道缺血-再灌注损伤后屏障功能的保护作用可能与信号转导途径p42/p44MAPK的早期激活有关。     

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Following Combined Rituximab-Based Immune-Chemotherapy for Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Renal Transplant Recipient: A Case Report

Background

Transplant recipients are at risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection due to reactivation of JC virus. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a common malignancy in this population, and antiCD20-therapy has become an established component of its treatment.

A vaccine against Alzheimer`s disease: anything left but faith?

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease looms as a profound and growing threat to future human health. The disease is thought to be primarily driven by aberrant proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition.

Areas covered: We provide an overview of the molecular pathology that leads to an increase in Aβ peptide accumulation, of the mechanism of action for antibody mediated therapies and of the therapeutic vaccines that target Aβ under development. We also discuss the rationale for using vaccines in the early stages of the disease.

Expert opinion: The major components of β-amyloid plaques are Aβ_1-42 and Aβ_1-40 peptides derived from the APP. Reducing these plaques by means of passive or active vaccination against Aβ-peptides has been a long-running endeavor but with disappointing results as the impact on disease progression has been minimal. The data gathered to date could suggest that antibodies do not work, mainly because the studies have not been performed in an optimal fashion. The emerging views are that patients should be treated earlier, ideally in the prodromal or symptom free stage, antibody levels have to be high and the correct epitope must be targeted. More clinical trials to fully explore the potential of vaccines are therefore warranted.     

IEC 60601-1:2005(通标3.0)应用于欧盟医疗器械监管时48个常见问题和解答

IEC 60601-1:2005(通标3.0)自2005年发布以来,逐步被越来越多的国家和地区转换和采纳.欧盟于2012年6月1日结束了使用该标准的过渡期,取代了IEC60601-1:1988(通标2.0),正式用于医疗器械指令(MDD)中基本要求的符合性验证.本文介绍了欧盟在执行通标3.0中遇到的问题,以及欧盟专家组对这些问题的回答,计9个方面,48个问题.欧盟专家组的解答在欧盟具有较高的权威性.目前我国正在转化通标3.0,相信该文对制造商、第三方检测机构和政府监管机构有很多可借鉴之处.     

全脑照射后对小鼠血脑屏障通透性和室管膜下区细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨60Co-γ射线(Gy)全脑照射后对小鼠血脑屏障通透性和室管膜下区神经干细胞增殖的影响。方法:112只健康小鼠随机分成0 Gy组(对照组),5 Gy照射组(小剂量照射组),15 Gy照射组(中等剂量照射组)和30 Gy照射组(大剂量照射组),每组28只。各组随机取出7只分别于照射后1周和4周测定各组小鼠脑组织伊文思蓝的含量,7只观察室管膜下区的BrdU+细胞形态和数量。结果:(1)照射后1周,15 Gy组和30Gy组脑组织伊文思蓝含量明显升高(P<0.05),室管膜下区的BrdU+细胞数明显降低(P<0.05);(2)照射后4周,15 Gy剂量照射组脑组织伊文思蓝含量和室管膜下区的BrdU+细胞数均恢复到对照组水平(P>0.05),而30Gy剂量照射组脑组织伊文思蓝含量仍明显升高(P<0.05),BrdU+细胞数也未见恢复(P<0.05)。结论:全脑照射后血脑屏障破坏可能对室管膜下区的细胞增殖有进一步抑制作用。     

Molecular characterization of Joubert syndrome in Saudi Arabia

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a ciliopathy that is defined primarily by typical cerebellar structural and ocular motility defects. The genetic heterogeneity of this condition is significant with 16 genes identified to date. We have used a combination of autozygome‐guided candidate gene mutation analysis and exome sequencing to identify the causative mutation in a series of 12 families. The autozygome approach identified mutations in RPGRIP1L, AHI1, TMEM237, and CEP290, while exome sequencing revealed families with truncating mutations in TCTN1 and C5ORF42. Our study, the largest comprehensive molecular series on JS, provides independent confirmation of the recently reported TCTN1, TMEM237, and C5ORF42 as bona fide JS disease genes, and expands the allelic heterogeneity of this disease. Hum Mutat 33:1423–1428, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Test sequence of CSF and MRI biomarkers for prediction of AD in subjects with MCI

Our aim was to identify the best diagnostic test sequence for predicting Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers. We selected 153 subjects with mild cognitive impairment from a multicenter memory clinic-based cohort. We tested the CSF beta amyloid (Aβ)1-42/tau ratio using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hippocampal volumes (HCVs) using the atlas-based learning embeddings for atlas propagation (LEAP) method. Outcome measure was progression to AD-type dementia in 2 years. At follow-up, 48 (31%) subjects converted to AD-type dementia. In multivariable analyses, CSF Aβ1-42/tau and HCV predicted AD-type dementia regardless of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and cognitive scores. Test sequence analyses showed that CSF Aβ1-42/tau increased predictive accuracy in subjects with normal HCV (p < 0.001) and abnormal HCV (p = 0.025). HCV increased predictive accuracy only in subjects with normal CSF Aβ1-42/tau (p = 0.014). Slope analyses for annual cognitive decline yielded similar results. For selection of subjects for a prodromal AD trial, the best balance between sample size and number of subjects needed to screen was obtained with CSF markers. These results provide further support for the use of CSF and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers to identify prodromal AD.