亚低温对脑缺血大鼠脑组织富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40与磷酸化的富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40表达的影响及其脑保护作用的研究

目的研究亚低温对脑缺血大鼠富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40(PRAS40)与磷酸化的PRAS40(pPRAS40)表达的影响及其脑保护作用。方法 56只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑缺血组和脑缺血亚低温治疗组(亚低温组),后两组又分为缺血3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h、7 d亚组,每个亚组4只大鼠。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶脑缺血模型。亚低温组于缺血后30 min实施脑部亚低温(32~33℃)并持续4 h。在相应时间点行神经功能缺损评分,用免疫组化染色检测PRAS40及p-PRAS40的表达。结果脑缺血大鼠PRAS40和p-PRAS40的表达呈时间依赖性变化。PRAS40在缺血12 h开始减少,至缺血72 h表达最低,亚低温组12h、24 h、72 h、7 d亚组与脑缺血组的差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);p-PRAS40在缺血3 h开始减少,至缺血24 h表达最低,亚低温组3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h亚组与脑缺血组的差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。神经功能缺损评分比较,亚低温组各亚组均明显低于脑缺血组(均P0.05)。结论脑缺血大鼠PRAS40和pPRAS40表达减少;亚低温能延缓其表达减少。亚低温能明显减轻脑缺血所致的神经功能缺损。     

Interaction of CD154 with different receptors and its role in bidirectional signals

In addition to its classical receptor, CD40, it is now well established that CD154 also binds αIIbβ3, α5β1, and αMβ2 integrins. Although these integrins are all members of the same family, they bind CD154 differently. The current investigation aims to analyze the interaction of CD154 with α5β1 and αMβ2 and investigate its role in bidirectional signals in various human cell lines. Results obtained herein indicate that the CD154 residues involved in the interaction with α5β1 are N151 and Q166, whereas those involved in αMβ2 binding are common to residues required for CD40, namely Y145 and R203. Soluble CD40/CD154 or αMβ2/CD154 complexes do not interfere with the binding of CD154 to α5β1‐positive cells, but inhibit the binding of CD154 to CD40‐ or αMβ2‐positive cells, respectively. Ligation of CD154 on CD154‐positive cells with soluble CD40, αIIbβ3, α5β1, or αMβ2 stimulates intracellular signaling, including MAPK phosphorylation. Given that CD154 exists as a trimer, our data strongly suggest that CD154 may bind concomitantly to two receptors of the same or different family, and biologically activate cells expressing both receptors. The characterization of CD154/receptor interactions helps the identification of new therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment of CD154‐associated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.     

OX40 blockade inhibits house dust mite driven allergic lung inflammation in mice and in vitro allergic responses in humans

The costimulatory receptor OX40 is expressed on activated T cells and regulates T‐cell responses. Here, we show the efficacy and mechanism of action of an OX40 blocking antibody using the chronic house dust mite (HDM) mouse model of lung inflammation and in vitro HDM stimulation of cells from HDM allergic human donors. We have demonstrated that OX40 blockade leads to a reduction in the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the lavage fluid and lung tissue of HDM sensitized mice. This was accompanied by a decrease in activated and memory CD4⁺ T cells in the lungs and further analysis revealed that both the Th2 and Th17 populations were inhibited. Improved lung function and decreased HDM‐specific antibody responses were also noted. Significantly, efficacy was observed even when anti‐OX40 treatment was delayed until after inflammation was established. OX40 blockade also inhibited the release of the Th2 cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐13 from cells isolated from HDM allergic human donors. Altogether, our data provide evidence of a role of the OX40/OX40L pathway in ongoing allergic lung inflammation and support clinical studies of a blocking OX40 antibody in Th2 high severe asthma patients.     

可溶性CD40L促进甲状腺相关性眼病患者眼眶成纤维细胞增殖和透明质酸合成酶表达

目的 探讨可溶性CD40L(sCD40L)对甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)患者眼眶成纤维细胞(OFs)增殖和3种透明质酸合成酶(HAS)mRNA表达水平的影响,初步探讨sCD40L在TAO发病中的作用。方法 取5例TAO患者的眼眶成纤维细胞和2例正常人眼眶成纤维细胞进行原代培养,采用MTS比色法检测不同浓度及作用时间下的sCD40L对不同来源的眼眶成纤维细胞增殖的影响;实时荧光定量PCR技术检测不同浓度的sCD40L对两种不同来源的眼眶成纤维细胞的3种HAS基因表达水平的影响。结果 12.5ng/ml以上浓度的sCD40L作用后对TAO患者眼眶成纤维细胞有促增殖作用,而25ng/ml以上浓度的sCD40L作用后才能对正常人眼眶成纤维细胞有促增殖作用。TAO患者眼眶成纤维细胞HAS3 mRNA的合成受sCD40L的影响而增加,并且呈现出浓度和时间依赖的趋势。结论 sCD40L对TAO患者眼眶成纤维细胞的生长以及HAS3基因的表达均有明显刺激作用,提示sCD40L在TAO的病理过程中起一定作用。     

关附甲素抗氧化和抗房颤作用

研究关附甲素(Guanfu base A,GFA)的抗房颤和抗氧化作用。大鼠尾静脉注射乙酰胆碱-氯化钙混合液(Ca Cl210 mg/m L,Ach 66μg/m L),连续7 d建立房颤模型。SD大鼠分为正常组、模型组、GFA治疗组(6 mg/kg,12 mg/kg)、胺碘酮(Amiodarone,Ami)治疗组(50 mg/kg)以及洛伐他汀(Lovastatin,Lov)治疗组(10 mg/kg)。测定大鼠房颤持续时间和有效不应期(AERP),用实时荧光定量PCR方法和Western blot方法测定氧化应激相关基因表达,试剂盒测定抗氧化酶的活性。结果显示:与模型组相比,GFA(6 mg/kg,12 mg/kg,po)治疗4 d后能缩短房颤持续时间,延长AERP,超氧化物歧化酶的活力提高,丙二醛含量明显下降。心房肌p22phox、p47phox、p67phox、gp91phox表达下调,膜Rac-1与胞浆Rac-1比值显著下降,缝隙连接蛋白(connexin40)表达升高。提示GFA(6 mg/kg,12 mg/kg)能有效抑制房颤引起的大鼠心房氧化应激损害,抑制房颤发生。     

重组可溶性人CD40L诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤

目的:探讨重组可溶性人CD40L(rsh CD40L)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)的损伤作用及其在动脉粥样硬化中的作用。方法:应用rsh CD40L刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞12 h;MTS法观察HUVECs的生存活性,ELISA法测内皮细胞E-选择素(E-selectin)、细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1、组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI)表达的变化,比色法测脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果:与正常组比较,不同浓度的rsh CD40L(0.5、1、2、3 mg/L)对内皮细胞的生存活性无明显影响;0.5 mg/L rsh CD40L即可增加内皮细胞E-selectin、s ICAM-1、TF、TFPI的分泌,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),同时增加内皮细胞MDA的含量、降低SOD活性(P0.05)。结论:0.5~3 mg/L rsh CD40L对内皮细胞生存活性无明显影响,但已经引起内皮细胞功能障碍,增加内皮细胞炎症和外源性凝血反应,诱导内皮细胞脂质过氧化物损,使其抗氧化能力下降。     

PRAS40活性调节与功能的研究进展

PRAS40是蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)的作用底物,亦是m TORC1的特异性结合蛋白,有多个位点可发生磷酸化,其中Thr246磷酸化受Akt调控,而Ser183、Ser212及Ser221等磷酸化主要受m TORC1调控。磷酸化修饰的PRAS40可调节与Raptor及14-3-3等蛋白的结合,参与Akt、m TORC1活性的调控。PRAS40具有调控细胞增殖、参与神经损伤保护等作用,在胰岛素抵抗、神经退行性病变及肿瘤中扮演重要角色,有望成为药物作用的新靶点。     

Systemic inflammation and COPD: the Framingham Heart Study

BACKGROUND: The current paradigm for the pathogenesis of COPD includes an ultimately maladaptive local inflammatory response to environmental stimuli. We examined the hypothesis that systemic inflammatory biomarkers are associated with impaired lung function, particularly among those with extensive cigarette smoking. METHODS: Using data from the Framingham Heart Study, we examined cross-sectional associations of systemic inflammatory biomarkers (CD40 ligand [CD40L], intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1, interleukin [IL]-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, P-selectin, and myeloperoxidase, in addition to C-reactive protein) to impaired lung function. RESULTS: IL-6 was consistently associated with impaired lung function; a 1-SD higher concentration of IL-6 was associated with a 41-mL lower FEV(1) (95% confidence interval [CI], - 61 to - 20) and a borderline 15% higher odds of COPD (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.34). Additionally, P-selectin was associated with lower FEV(1) levels; after adjusting for the other biomarkers, a 1-SD higher concentration of P-selectin predicted an FEV(1) that was on average 19 mL lower (95% CI, - 37 to 0). Including the biomarkers individually as sole exposures in the models generally strengthened the impaired lung function/biomarker association; the relations of ICAM-1 to FEV(1), and ICAM and CD40L to COPD became significant. The observed associations did not vary significantly with smoking history, except that the association between CD40L and COPD appeared greater in individuals with more extensive smoking histories. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants in the Framingham Heart Study, systemic inflammation was associated with lower levels of pulmonary function. Further research into the role of systemic inflammation in the development of pulmonary dysfunction is merited.     

CD40 activation in human pancreatic islets and ductal cells

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: CD40 expression on non-haematopoietic cells is linked to inflammation. We previously reported that CD40 is expressed on isolated human and non-human primate islets and its activation results in secretion of IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta (MIP-1beta) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) through nuclear factor-kappaB and extracellularly regulated kinases 1/2 pathways. The objective of this study was to identify the pattern of gene expression, and to study viability and functionality affected by CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction in human islets. Furthermore, we have studied the CD40-mediated cytokine/chemokine profile in pancreatic ductal cells, as they are always present in human islet transplant preparations and express CD40 constitutively. METHODS: CD40-CD40L gene expression modulation was studied by microarray on islet cells depleted of ductal cells. Selected genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The cytokine profile in purified ductal cells was evaluated by Luminex technology, based on the use of fluorescent-coated beads, known as microspheres, and capable of multiplex detection of proteins from a single sample. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet viability were assessed by perifusion and 7-aminoactinomycin D membrane exclusion, respectively. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of microarrays identified 30 genes exhibiting at least a 2.5-fold increase across all replicate arrays. The majority of them were related to oxidative stress/inflammation. Prominently upregulated were chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2 and CXCL3 belonging to the CXC family of chemokines related to IL-8. CD40-mediated CXCL1 secretion was confirmed by ELISA. The viability or in vitro function was not affected by CD40 activation. In addition to previously reported IL-8, MIP-1beta and MCP-1, CD40 stimulation in ductal cells produced IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: CD40 activation in islets and ductal cells produces cytokines/chemokines with a broad-spectrum range of biological functions.     

负荷剂量氯吡格雷对非ST段抬高型冠脉综合征患者血清sCD40L的调控研究

目的探析不同剂量氯吡格雷对冠心病患者血清可溶性白细胞分化抗原40配体(sCD40L)水平的影响,为临床确定最宜剂量治疗冠心病,预防心血管不良事件的发生提供参考。方法随机选取该院心血管内科2014年1~8月收治的128例冠心病患者,其中稳定型心绞痛(SAP)72例为Ⅰ组;将其随机分为Ⅰa、Ⅰb组,每组36例。非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NST-ACS)56例为Ⅱ组;将其随机分为Ⅱa、Ⅱb组,每组28例,均给予300mg负荷量氯吡格雷后分别给予维持剂量75、150mg/d,7d为1疗程。选取同期体检健康志愿者30例为健康对照组,健康对照组不予药物干预。采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定治疗前、负荷剂量24h、用药后5d血清sCD40L水平。结果服药前4组sCD40L平均浓度均高于健康对照组,Ⅱ组sCD40L平均浓度高于Ⅰ组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组负荷24h和服药后sCD40L平均浓度明显低于服药前(P0.05),Ⅰa、Ⅰb组负荷量24h和服药后sCD40L水平均明显低于Ⅱa、Ⅱb组(P0.01)。结论冠心病患者血清sCD40L水平高于健康人群,服用氯吡格雷抑制血小板活化,降低血清sCD40L水平,符合剂量氯吡格雷抑制效果确切,对于SAP抑制效果更强。