Discrete Ramanujan transform for distinguishing the protein coding regions from other regions

Based on the study of Ramanujan sum and Ramanujan coefficient, this paper suggests the concepts of discrete Ramanujan transform and spectrum. Using Voss numerical representation, one maps a symbolic DNA strand as a numerical DNA sequence, and deduces the discrete Ramanujan spectrum of the numerical DNA sequence. It is well known that of discrete Fourier power spectrum of protein coding sequence has an important feature of 3-base periodicity, which is widely used for DNA sequence analysis by the technique of discrete Fourier transform. It is performed by testing the signal-to-noise ratio at frequency N/3 as a criterion for the analysis, where N is the length of the sequence. The results presented in this paper show that the property of 3-base periodicity can be only identified as a prominent spike of the discrete Ramanujan spectrum at period 3 for the protein coding regions. The signal-to-noise ratio for discrete Ramanujan spectrum is defined for numerical measurement. Therefore, the discrete Ramanujan spectrum and the signal-to-noise ratio of a DNA sequence can be used for distinguishing the protein coding regions from the noncoding regions. All the exon and intron sequences in whole chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Caenorhabditis elegans have been tested and the histograms and tables from the computational results illustrate the reliability of our method.In addition, we have analyzed theoretically and gotten the conclusion that the algorithm for calculating discrete Ramanujan spectrum owns the lower computational complexity and higher computational accuracy. The computational experiments show that the technique by using discrete Ramanujan spectrum for classifying different DNA sequences is a fast and effective method.     

4例肺子宫内膜异位症X线、CT影像学改变分析

目的通过对4例肺子宫内膜异位症患者(Pulmonary Endometriosis,PEM)X线、CT征像改变分析,初步探讨其X线、CT征像表现。方法采用回顾性分析我院4例确诊为肺子宫内膜异位症患者的X线、CT平扫图像。结果肺子宫内膜异位症患者的X线、CT平扫多为局限性渗出、结节病灶,以渗出多见。结论育龄女性,月经周期内咳血,有引流产史,X线或CT平扫肺内有叶段渗出或小结节性病灶,除外相关肺部疾病,就应考虑PEDM。     

Molecular and epidemiological features of gastroenteritis outbreaks involving genogroup I norovirus in Victoria, Australia, 2002-2010

GI noroviruses are relatively rare and systematic studies of the molecular epidemiology of GI norovirus outbreaks are lacking. The current study examined the molecular virology of GI norovirus outbreaks in Victoria, Australia (2002–2010). Of 1,617 norovirus outbreaks identified, 69 (4.3%) were associated with GI norovirus alone, 1,540 (95.2%) with GII norovirus alone and 8 (0.5%) with GI + GII. Some differences between GI and GII outbreak epidemiology were found. GI outbreaks peaked in the 2‐month period November/December whereas GII outbreaks peaked in the 2‐month period September/October and GI norovirus outbreaks were significantly more common in non‐healthcare settings (37.7%) than GII outbreaks (9.5%). ORF 1/ORF 2 genotypes found in the 69 outbreaks involving GI norovirus alone were: GI.2/GI.2, 7 outbreaks; GI.2/GI.6, 18 outbreaks; GI.3b/GI.3, 14 outbreaks; GI.4/GI.4, 21 outbreaks; GI.8/GI.8, one outbreak; GI.d/GI.3, four outbreaks; and GI.e/GI.13, one outbreak. The current study appears to be the first to have identified the recombinant form, GI.2/GI.6. Whereas GI.2/GI.6 and GI.3b/GI.3 outbreaks occurred with equal frequency in both healthcare and non‐healthcare settings, GI.4/GI.4 occurred predominantly in healthcare settings. GI ORF 1/ORF 2 genotypes found in the eight outbreaks involving GI + GII norovirus were GI.2/GI.6, GI.3b/GI.3, and GI.4/GI.4, indicating GI genotypes in GI + GII outbreaks were similar to those found in outbreaks involving GI alone. Apparent differences in the evolution of different GI genotypes were noted. GI.2/GI.2, GI.2/GI.6, and GI.4/GI.4 strains tended to undergo periodic shifts in nucleotide sequence whereas various GI.3b/GI.3 strains tended to circulate simultaneously. J. Med. Virol. 84:1437–1448, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

中西医结合治疗慢性盆腔炎50例疗效观察

慢性盆腔炎是妇科临床中常见病、多发病,常为急性盆腔炎未能彻底治疗或患者体质较差所致,主要表现为小腹隐痛、腰膝酸痛、肛门坠胀不适或经期延长、经量增多等,反复发作,迁延不愈,严重影响妇女的健康、生活及工作.传统的治疗方法很多,有中医治疗、西医治疗等.笔者采用经间期口服妇科千金片 经期静滴抗生素,进行中西医结合周期性治疗,取得了满意的疗效,现报道如下.     

Lack of association between the 3092 T-->C Clock gene polymorphism and cluster headache

Recent studies suggested that genetic factors play a role in cluster headache (CH). However, the type and the number of genes involved in the disease are still unclear. We performed an association study in a cohort of Italian CH patients to evaluate whether a particular allele or genotype of the Clock gene would modify the occurrence and the clinical features of the disease. One hundred and seven CH patients, diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition, (ICHD-II) criteria, and 210 healthy age, sex and ethnicity-matched controls were genotyped for the 3092 T-->C Clock gene polymorphism (also known as 3111 T-->C). Phenotype and allele frequencies were similarly distributed in CH patients and controls. The clinical features of the disease were not significantly influenced by different genotypes. In conclusion, our study suggests that the 3092 T-->C polymorphism of the Clock gene is unlikely to play an important role in cluster headache.     

A follow-up study of 60 patients after an assumed first period of cluster headache

During 1981-96 a series of 60 consecutive out-patients was examined in relation to an assumed first period of cluster headache (CH). On follow up in 1998 we found that six were deceased at a mean age of 56.5 years (range 45-74 years), of whom one had a definitive CH diagnosis and five had one documented headache period only. Six patients were lost to follow up because they could not be reached. In the final group for evaluation (n = 49) it was found that 13 (26.5%) patients had had one cluster period only during a mean observation time of 8.9 years. Out of 36 patients with a definitive CH diagnosis according to International Headache Society (IHS) criteria, 31 patients had episodic CH, four patients had primary chronic CH and one patient had secondary chronic CH. Of the patients with a definitive CH diagnosis, 83% on follow up had had a recurrence of a second period of CH within 3 years or continuous attacks (chronic/semichronic CH) from the onset. Evidently some patients may suffer from one cluster period only. In our patient material only 17% had a second cluster period after 3 years.     

Hydroxyurea and periodicity in myeloproliferative disease

Three patients, one with polycythaemia vera (PV) and two with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), are described who had cycling of blood counts which became apparent whilst receiving hydroxyurea therapy. Significant periodicity was confirmed with the use of the Lomb periodogram. This is Fourier power spectral analysis tailored for unevenly sampled data. The patient with PV had marked oscillations of platelet counts with a periodicity of 29 d and an amplitude of (202-588)x10(9)/L. Smaller oscillations of neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte numbers and Hb levels occurred with a similar periodicity. Anticipatory changes in hydroxyurea dosage or the maintenance of a constant dose did not abolish periodicity, but a change in therapy to the non-cycle-specific drug anagrelide dampened and abolished the cycling. One of the patients with CML had tremendous and clear oscillations in white cell, platelet and Hb levels, with a mean periodicity of 74 d. The other had erratic counts which were confirmed to be significantly periodic (64 d), on spectral analysis. A change in therapy to busulphan in both these patients again dampened and abolished the cycling. Hydroxyurea, which is a cell-cycle-specific agent, probably exacerbates the periodicity which may be present in some patients with myeloproliferative disease. A change in therapy to non-cycle-acting compounds such as busulphan or anagrelide results in much more stable counts in such patients.     

Cell that are O4 antigen-positive and O1 antigen-negative differentiate into O1 antigen-positive oligodendrocytes

In freshly dissociated viable cells of early postnatal mouse cerebellum, O1 antigen-positive oligodendrocytes have been eliminated by complement dependent immunocytolysis. Before seeding residual cells in culture, O4 antigen-positive cells were immunolabeled by O4 antibody which had been directly conjugated with rhodamine. After various periods of time in culture, cells were treated with fluorescein conjugated O1 antibody, in order to assay for the appearance of O1-positive oligodendrocytes. After 6.5 h in vitro, the first cells carrying both the previously applied rhodamine label and the freshly applied fluorescein label were seen. The simultaneous appearance of both labels indicates tha O4-positive and O1-negative cells are direct precursors of O1 antigen-positive oligodendrocytes.     

Untersuchungen zur circadianen Periodik bei der genuinen Epilepsie vom Aufwachtyp

Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden an 3 Kontrollpersonen und an 6 Patienten mit genuiner Epilepsie vom Aufwachtyp über einen Zeitraum von 72 h die Herzfrequenz, die Körpertemperatur sowie die Ausscheidung der Elektrolyte Calcium, Kalium und Natrium im Urin. Für alle Patienten, Aufwachepileptiker und Kontrollpersonen, bestanden auf der Station konstante Bedingungen, sie erhielten eine Standarddiät mit konstanten Werten für Calcium, Kalium und Natrium, mit der 2 Tage vor Beginn der eigentlichen Meßreihe begonnen wurde. Während der Untersuchungszeit wurden keinerlei Medikamente eingenommen.Bestimmt wurden anhand der Originaldaten die Zeiten der Kurvenwendepunkte und durch die Power-Spektralanalyse die Periodendauern der einzelnen gemessenen Parameter.Bei den Aufwachepileptikern ergaben sich inkonstantere Befunde hinsichtlich der Lage der Maxima und Minima und auch der 24 h-Periodik, ohne daß jedoch eine konstante Abweichung in eine Richtung, d. h. entweder eine Vorverschiebung oder eine Verspätung in der Phasenlage, vorlag und auch ohne konstante Veränderung in den Periodendauern aller gemessenen Größen bei ein und demselben Aufwachepileptiker.Zumindest hinsichtlich der hier unter den genannten Bedingungen gemessenen Parameter fand sich kein sicherer Unterschied zwischen den Aufwachepileptikern und den Kontrollpersonen, der als spezifisches, allen Aufwachepileptikern gemeinsames Merkmal einer gestörten circadianen Rhythmik gelten könnte.

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Studies on the circadian periodicity in patients with the awakening type of idiopathic epilepsy

Summary In 6 patients with idiopathic epilepsy of the awakening type and 3 control subjects, the heart rate, body temperature and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and calcium were measured over 72 h. The patients and the control subjects stayed in the hospital under constant environmental conditions including a standard diet with a constant content of sodium, potassium and calcium. The diet began 2 days before the onset of data collection. No drugs were given during the whole period.The data obtained during the 72-hour period were scored visually concerning the position of the maxima and minima, whereas the period duration was calculated by means of power spectral analysis.The epileptic patients showed more inconstant results concerning the time of maxima and minima as well as the 24-hour periodicity.However, a constant deviation i.e. a constant phase shift or a constant change in period duration into the same direction could not be observed. The different parameters showed different behavior even in the same patient. Thus a constant difference in the circadian periodicity between normal subjects and patients with epilepsy of the awakening type could not be found in the data recorded in the present study.