膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染病原学和危险因素

目的观察膀胱肿瘤切除术后患者尿路感染发生情况与病原学特征,分析诱发尿路感染的危险因素,并提出合理且具备针对性的冲洗对策,为未来膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染的预防提供合理参考。方法回顾性分析连云港市第一人民医院2016年1月-2019年1月接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术治疗的451例膀胱肿瘤患者的临床资料,收集患者病例资料,全部患者术后均定期取尿液标本进行细菌培养,参照相关标准判定患者尿路感染情况,记录患者一般情况,包括一般人口学资料(性别、年龄、体质量、受教育程度等),同时记录患者糖尿病的疾病合并情况,将术后尿路感染可能的危险因素纳入初步分析,Logistic多因素回归分析膀胱肿瘤切除术后发生尿路感染的危险因素。结果451例膀胱肿瘤切除术患者术后第3天尿液中细菌培养阳性例数为80例,阳性率为17.74%,在使用抗菌药物后,患者尿液中细菌培养阳性率逐渐降低,各时点尿液细菌阳性培养率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析检验证实,高龄、血糖水平控制不佳、术前留置导尿管、多发肿瘤是膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05);80例术后尿液细菌培养阳性患者共分离出87株菌株,其中革兰阴性菌66株占75.86%,革兰阳性球菌21株占24.14%。结论膀胱肿瘤切除术后患者有较高的尿路感染风险,革兰阴性菌是主要的感染病原菌,年龄、基础疾病、肿瘤位点、术前导尿管留置等是影响因素,这类患者应引起临床高度重视。     

Minimal incisions for laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion

ObjectiveLaparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) had been used for >10 years. However, longer wound incisions for extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion decrease the benefits of a laparoscopic approach. In this study, we describe our experience of modified LRC with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion using minimal wound incisions.Materials and methodsFrom January 2011 to January 2013, 22 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy by a single surgeon. Seven patients underwent open radical cystectomy (ORC), and 15 patients underwent LRC with four-port incisions.ResultsThe LRC group had a significantly lower estimated blood loss (p = 0.005), lower blood transfusion rate (p = 0.004), and lower ileus rate (p = 0.031) than the ORC group. No significant differences were noted in operative time, time to flatus, pain score, overall complication rate, pathological stage, positive surgical margin rate, or lymph node yield (27.6 for LRC and 29.1 for ORC). The 1-year disease free survival rate was 86.7% in the LRC group and 71.4% in the ORC group, and the 1-year overall survival rates were both 100%.ConclusionOur experience shows that LRC with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion using minimal incisions is a safe and feasible surgical technique with less blood loss. Further reports with a longer follow-up period and large number of cases are necessary to validate our findings.     

中性粒细胞蛋白-1、-2、-3在膀胱癌患者组织中的 表达及与预后的相关性

目的：研究中性粒细胞蛋白（HNP）-1、-2、-3 在膀胱癌患者组织中的表达及与预后的关系。方法：采用 免疫组织化学法检测膀胱癌组织中HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 的表达情况，分析HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 在膀胱癌 组织中的表达与膀胱癌临床病理特征的相关性及预后相关因素的关系。结果：HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 蛋白在膀 胱癌患者组织中的阳性表达率分别为70.51%、72.66%、71.94%，均明显高于癌旁正常组织8.10%、3.23%、6.45%， 差异有统计学意义；HNP1、HNP2、HNP3在膀胱癌患者中的表达水平与肿瘤的病理分级、临床分期、淋巴结转 移及复发等生物学行为相关；生存曲线结果提示这3 种蛋白表达阳性的5 年生存率均显著低于表达阴性的患者。 Cox 比例风险模型分析结果提示HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 的表达是影响膀胱癌预后的关键风险因素。结论：HNP- 1、HNP-2、HNP-3 在膀胱癌组织中高表达且表达程度随肿瘤发展进一步增加；HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 是影响患 者预后的关键危险因素，阳性表达的患者５年生存率显著降低；HNP-1、HNP-2、HNP-3 与膀胱癌病情发展、炎 症程度及预后密切相关。     

电针结合膀胱康复对脊髓损伤者神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的 观察电针结合膀胱康复对脊髓损伤者神经源性膀胱的疗效。方法 选择2018年1～9月我院收治的62例脊髓损伤的神经源性膀胱患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各31例,两组均给予膀胱功能训练及间歇导尿术,治疗组针刺时间为15:00～17:00的任一时刻,按子午流注法选取每日开穴,并选取膀胱经相关治疗穴位,连接电针进行治疗;对照组针刺时间为8:00～12:00的任一时刻,选取膀胱经相关治疗穴位,常规留针。针刺时间每次30 min,每天1次,治疗30 d后评定疗效。于治疗前后对患者膀胱容量、残余尿量及膀胱功能积分进行比较评定,并参照《实用理疗手册》中的疗效标准评价疗效。结果 治疗30 d后,两组患者的膀胱容量、残余尿量及膀胱功能积分较治疗前均有不同程度的改善(P0.05),治疗组治疗后的改善优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据疗效标准评价,治疗组有效率为90.32%,对照组有效率为80.64%(P0.05)。结论 在膀胱功能训练及间歇导尿术的基础上给予特定时段电针法比普通针刺法可更有效地改善脊髓损伤患者的膀胱功能,使患者尽早实现自主排尿,提高生存质量。     

Comparison of Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

BackgroundWe use observational methods to compare impact of perioperative chemotherapy timing (ie, neoadjuvant and adjuvant) on overall survival (OS) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer because there is no head-to-head randomized trial, and patient factors may influence decision-making.Patients and MethodsUsing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified patients receiving cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. Patients were classified as receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Propensity of receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy was determined using gradient boosted models. Inverse probability of treatment weighted survival curves were adjusted for 13 demographic, socioeconomic, temporal, and oncologic covariates.ResultsWe identified 1342 patients who received neoadjuvant (n = 676) or adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 666) with a median follow-up of 23 months (interquartile range, 9-55 months). Inverse probability of treatment weighted adjustment allows comparison of the groups head-to-head as well as counterfactual scenarios (eg, effect if those getting one treatment were to receive the other). The average treatment effect (ie, “head-to-head” comparison) of adjuvant compared with neoadjuvant on OS was not significant (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.31). However, the average treatment effect of the treated (ie, the effect if the neoadjuvant patients were to receive adjuvant instead) was associated with a 33% increase in risk of mortality if they were given adjuvant therapy instead (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.57).ConclusionSignificant treatment selection bias was noted in peri-cystectomy timing, which limits the ability to discriminate differential efficacy of these 2 approaches with observational data. However, patients with higher propensity to receive neoadjuvant therapy were predicted to have increased OS with approach, in keeping with existing paradigms from trial data.     

The physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract

The lower urinary tract comprises the urinary bladder, the urethra and prostate in men, and is concerned with the storage of urine and its voluntary expulsion from the body when socially convenient. These mutually exclusive states are mediated by complex neural networks that when dysfunctional generate bothersome and highly prevalent lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Lower urinary tract symptoms are often idiopathic and not pathology specific and most result from bladder outflow obstruction, disorders of bladder contractility or conditions which increase bladder sensitivity and a combination of any of these states. Despite the precise mechanisms of symptom generation being unclear, the receptor mechanisms involved in controlling lower urinary tract function can be pharmacologically manipulated to achieve useful clinical outcomes.     

Implications of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma variant on prognosis following radical cystectomy: A multi-institutional investigation

Purpose

To determine the association of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MUC) variant histology with bladder cancer outcomes after radical cystectomy.