Handicap visible : de la reconnaissance du stigmate et du déni de déviance à la revendication de droits

This article brings new insight into the relationship between disability studies and the sociology of handicap as “deviance” and “stigma”. Disability studies grew up in a tight connection with the disability rights movement, but one of their roots was the new way of conceiving delinquency, addiction, madness, homosexuality, and handicap, which emerged in the 1960s. Eliot Freidson (1966) shifted the attention from the “disabled”, treated as patients to rehabilitate, to “handicap makers”. The relevant question was then: which are the professional jurisdictions of specialists appointed to “cure” disabled people? In which organizational arenas is disability institutionalized as a problem to be solved? Fred Davis (1961), for his part, explored another dimension, closer to Erving Goffman (1963): how are stigma co-produced, reified, or denied in encounter situations between people with and without disabilities? More specifically, how is the “visible handicap” handled in such face-to-face interactions? A third way has been worked by John Kitsuse in 1980 with his concept of “tertiary deviance.” In line with the 1960s sociology of deviance as “secondary deviation”, this concept of “tertiary deviance” recognizes the ability of persons with disabilities to act, to claim rights, to invent collective identities, and to experience and create new life ecologies.     

Health Care Professionals Attitudes Towards Mental Illness: Observational Study Performed at a Public Health Facility in Northern Italy

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Defines stigma as the process of social oppression barring persons with mental illness from enjoying social interaction through discrimination, exclusion and denial of human and social rights. Modern stereotypes still portray the mentally ill as guilty, unpredictable and violent. Observational studies report how healthcare professionals, including nurses, are often part of the stigma. Such phenomenon belittles the needs of people seeking mental care. The aim of this study is to describe attitudes held by psychiatric nurses and mental care professionals from different care settings of an Italian Healthcare Facility, towards the mentally ill and to identify any associated factors. Mental health care professionals were recruited for this observational study from 10 Italian different psychiatric care units. The Italian version of the Community Attitudes Mentally Ill inventory (CAMI-I) was validated and used for this study. 120 completed questionnaires were deemed valid. Optimal internal consistency (α = 0.856) was measured by calculating Cronbach's Alpha for the CAMI-I. Demographic variables were correlated to items grouped into three factors of the CAMI-I (authoritarian attitudes, benevolence, social restrictiveness). Parametric test (ANOVA) highlight significant differences between CAMI-I results for different demographic variables. Significant data were obtained by comparing responses for each factor of the CAMI-i per professional profile. All healthcare professionals studied show sensitivity and positive attitude towards mental illness. Positive approaches to mental illness contribute towards easing therapeutic care and recovery in patient-centred care. CAMI-I will be a useful tool to identifying discriminatory approaches and sensitize health professionals in Italy.     

“They were just waiting to die”: Somali Bantu and Karen Experiences with Cancer Screening Pre- and Post-Resettlement in Buffalo,NY

BackgroundLittle is known about how pre-resettlement experiences affect refugees’ uptake of cancer screenings. The objective of this study was to characterize Somali Bantu and Karen experiences with cancer and cancer screenings prior to and subsequent to resettlement in Buffalo, NY in order to inform engagement by health providers.MethodsThe study was grounded in a community-based participatory research approach, with data collection and analysis guided by the Health Belief Model and life course framework. Interviews were transcribed, independently coded by two researchers, and analyzed using an immersion-crystallization approach. We conducted 15 semi-structured interviews and six interview-focus group hybrids with Somali Bantu (n = 15) and Karen (n = 15) individuals who were predominantly female (87%).ResultsCancer awareness was more prevalent among Karen compared to Somali Bantu participants. Prior to resettlement, preventative health care, including cancer screening, and treatment were unavailable or inaccessible to participants and a low priority compared with survival and acute health threats. There, Somali Bantu treated cancer-like diseases with traditional medicine (heated objects, poultices), and Karen reported traditional medicine and even late-stage biomedical treatments were ineffective due to extent of progressed, late-stage ulcerated tumors when care was sought. A fatalistic view of cancer was intertwined with faith (Somali Bantu) and associated with untreated, late-stage cancer (Karen). Karen but not Somali Bantu reported individuals living with cancer were stigmatized pre-resettlement due to the unpleasant manifestations of untreated, ulcerated tumors. Now resettled in the U.S., participants reported obtaining cancer screenings was challenged by transportation and communication barriers and facilitated by having insurance and interpretation services. While Somali Bantu women strongly preferred a female provider for screenings, Karen women felt cancer severity outweighed cultural modesty concerns in terms of provider gender.SignificanceOur findings suggest the need for culturally-relevant cancer education that incorporates the life course experiences and addresses logistical barriers in linking individuals with screening, to be complemented by trauma-informed care approaches by healthcare providers.     

The effect of drama-based group therapy on aspects of mental illness stigma

This study examined the effect of drama-based group therapy on the self-esteem and self-stigma of five participants with mental illness and on the public stigma of seven university students without mental illness who participated in the same group. ABA single-case experimental design was utilized to systematically assess change across 14 time points. We used visual analysis to inspect change as well as hierarchical linear modeling that allows the aggregation of single-case results to the population level. To study the effect of the treatment, contrasts were examined, comparing scores at baseline, treatment, and follow-up. The findings for all measures indicated a significant difference between scores in the baseline phase compared with scores in both the intervention and the follow-up phases. Significant differences were not detected between scores in the intervention phase and the follow-up phase. Interpretations of findings are provided, followed by a discussion of possible change processes, limitations, and future directions.     

共情护理对直肠癌永久性肠造口患者知觉压力、病耻感及癌因性疲乏的影响

目的研究共情护理(EN)对直肠癌永久性肠造口(PC)患者知觉压力、病耻感及癌因性疲乏的影响。方法纳入2015年1月至2018年12月成都医学院第一附属医院收治的PC患者108例,依照随机数字表法分为EN组与对照组各54例。对照组给予常规护理,EN组在常规护理基础上给予EN。观察护理前后两组患者焦虑、抑郁、知觉压力、病耻感、癌因性疲乏等情况。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血管紧张素-2(AT-II)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)等应激因子水平。结果护理后,EN组SAS、SDS、CPSS、病耻感及CFS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);SOD水平高于对照组,AT-II、NE水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。SF-36各项评分也均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论EN可有效缓解PC患者负性情绪,解除机体应激,减轻其知觉压力、癌因性疲乏,消除病耻感,改善患者健康状况。     

结核病相关病耻感量表的研制与评价

目的 研制和评价适用于我国的结核病相关病耻感量表.方法 采用结核病相关病耻感量表对1 342例结核病患者进行测评,利用SAS 9.4和AMOS 17.0对量表的信效度进行分析.结果 结核病相关病耻感量表共有3个维度9个条目,量表的总体Cronbach's α系数为0.88,各维度Cronbach's α系数为0.85、0.60和0.66;结核病相关病耻感量表二阶多因子模型的适配度指标分别为x2/df为4.162,RMSEA为0.049,GFI为0.962,AGFI为0.911,CFI为0.919.结论 结核病相关病耻感量表具有较高的信效度,可以作为我国结核病患者病耻感的测评工具.     

病耻感与首发卒中患者卒中后抑郁的相关性研究

背景　心理-社会因素是卒中后抑郁（PSD）重要的发病机制之一,病耻感给患者带来的认知、情绪和行为的改变可能与PSD的发生密切相关,却很少被重视。目的　探讨病耻感与首发卒中患者PSD的相关性。方法　采用横断面调查研究设计和便利抽样的方法,选取2019年7-12月就诊于南方医科大学南方医院、广东三九脑科医院神经内科和神经外科的首发卒中患者299例。记录患者人口学资料和卒中病史资料。使用卒中病耻感量表（SSS）、9条目患者健康量表（PHQ-9）、改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估患者卒中后1个月时病耻感、抑郁和神经功能恢复情况。结果　共纳入299例首发卒中患者,完整随访221例,脱落78例。根据PHQ-9评分分组,PSD组65例（29.4%,PHQ-9评分≥5分）,非PSD组156例（70.6%,PHQ-9评分为0~4分）。PSD组SSS总分及躯体障碍、社会交往、受歧视经历、自我感受、PHQ-9、mRS评分均高于非PSD组（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果显示,PHQ-9评分与SSS总分及躯体障碍、社会交往、受歧视经历、自我感受、mRS评分呈正相关（rs=0.606、0.319、0.441、0.369、0.616、0.389,P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,SSS总分是首发卒中患者发生PSD的影响因素〔OR=1.263,95%CI（1.158,1.379）,P<0.05〕。结论　首发卒中患者早期的病耻感对PSD具有一定的预测价值,医护人员和患者家属应采取相应措施,警惕PSD的发生。     

双相障碍抑郁患者应对方式及自我和谐对病耻感影响的路径分析

目的探讨双相障碍抑郁患者应对方式、自我和谐和病耻感之间的关系。方法采用便利抽样法,选择2017年6月—2018年12月太原市某三甲医院精神卫生科住院治疗的双相障碍抑郁患者217例,采用一般资料调查表、贬低-歧视感知量表、自我和谐量表、简易应对方式问卷进行调查。采用AMOS 22.0软件进行路径分析。结果217例患者贬低-歧视感知量表得分(30.92±6.41)分,自我和谐量表得分(101.54±16.99)分,积极应对方式得分(21.63±6.46)分,消极应对方式得分(13.36±5.03)分。Pearson相关分析显示,患者积极应对方式与自我和谐和病耻感呈负相关(r值分别为-0.748、-0.655;P<0.01);消极应对方式与自我和谐和病耻感呈正相关(r值分别为0.553、0.742;P<0.01);自我和谐与病耻感呈正相关(r=0.763,P<0.01)。中介效应检验显示,自我和谐仅在消极应对方式和病耻感之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的40.54%。结论消极应对方式不仅直接影响双相障碍抑郁患者的病耻感,还通过自我和谐间接影响其病耻感。医护人员可以开展以路径为依托的干预措施,降低双相障碍抑郁患者的病耻感。     

Stigma as a barrier to health care utilization among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Burkina Faso

Purpose

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of perceived health care stigma among female sex workers (FSWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM), including other stigma types, suicidal ideation, and participation in social activities.