Arterial Thickness and Immunometabolism: The Mediating role of Chronic Exercise

Metabolic alterations and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are associated with lifestyle modifications, particularly the increase of physical inactivity and poor eating habits, which contribute to one of the main causes of death in modern times. Cardiovascular diseases are positively correlated with several illnesses, such as obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, and these disorders are known to contribute to changes in immune cells, cytokines and metabolism. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of lipid plaques and fibrous tissue (atheroma) in the artery walls and this process is related to the oxidation of LDL-c (low density lipoprotein) and the formation of a particle, termed LDLox, which can generate toxic injury to the vessel wall. In this atherogenic process there is an inflammatory response generated by the injury in the vascular endothelium, which in itself is able to express and secrete a variety of molecules, such as myeloid colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), that act as activators of the immune system. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to highlight the immuno-metabolic alterations involving the thickening and stiffness of arteries observed in atherosclerosis, and how chronic exercise can act as an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic approach.     

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??Pediatric mesenteric lymph node enlargement is one of the most common causes of pediatric abdominal pain. The diagnostic criteria for most current report is??the longitudinal diameter > 0.5 cm??vertical and horizontal diameter ratio ??L/T?? more than 2??more than two of lymph nodes changed diffusely and uniformly. Ultrasound can not only diagnose lymph node enlargement timely and accuratly but also evaluate the morphology and blood flow of lymph node??helping us to determine whether there’s a mesenteric lymph node enlargement pathologically and provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.     

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??Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of critical values in NICU and help to make the proper diagnosis and treatment plans of NICU. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on all the critical values in NICU collected from July 1st??2012 to November 30th??2012 in Children′s Hosptial of Chongqing Medical University. The gestional ages and birth weights of these babies?? consitituent ratio of critical index?? distribution of report time and clinical response and the impact on treatment were analyzed. Results There were 212 newborns with 369 items of time critical values?? and the rate of positive impact on management was 65.04%. Imaging tests??81 cases??22.0%????blood glucose??79 cases??21.4%?? and routine coagulation tests??77 cases??20.9%??were the most common critical values. Sample quality was the common cause of false positive critical values. Conclusion Periodically analyzing and summarizing critical values data could help to make a more reasonable critical value system and improve clinical work efficiency and quality.     

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??Abstract?? Objective To discuss the changes of S100B protein and GFAP levels and its relationship with 1 min Apgar scoring in the serum of neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia of different degrees. Methods From Oct.2012 to Mar.2013 in Chilren’s hospital of Shanxi province ?? 40 cases of newborns born to mothers with preeclampsia were divided into two groups: mild preeclampsia group ??L group 20 cases????severe preeclampsia group ??H group 20 cases????a healthy control group was established ??N group 20 cases????newborns of three groups were taken specimen at the time of admission ?? dual- antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ??ELISA?? was used to detect the level of serum GFAP and S100B . In the first three days after admission cranial ultrasound was performed in each child. Results The difference among the L??H and N group was statistically significant ??P2=17.20??P??0.05??; S100B and GFAP levels in L and H group were positively correlated ??γ= 0.658?? P??0.05??; S100B?? GFAP levels in L and H group and neonatal 1min Apgar score were negatively correlated ??γ$subScript$S100B$/subScript$=-0.482??γ$subScript$GFAP$/subScript$=-0.534??P??0.01??. Conclusion The more serious eclampsia?? the greater the possibility of brain damage?? and the more serious the elevation of S100B and GFAP levels?? and was negatively correlated with 1 min Apgar score?? which indicates that the possibility of S100B protein and GFAP as a predictor of neonatal brain injury deserves further study.     

高频超声监测舒降之干预颈动脉粥样硬化的临床研究

目的　评价舒降之对颈动脉粥样硬化病变的影响。方法高频超声监测随访 2年舒降之治疗组的颈动脉管壁改变。结果　舒降之治疗 2年后IMT和IMT横截面积总体呈下降趋势 ,IMT变化速度为年下降 0 .0 3mm。颈动脉超声分型的变化无显著意义 ,但粥样斑块分型于随访前后发生了一定的变化 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论降脂药物能减轻甚至逆转早期动脉壁粥样病变 ,高频超声是首选的无创监测手段。     

Stimulation by carrageenan of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase activity in dog gingival tissue

At 4 h after injection of carrageenan into the gingiva, the 12-lipoxygenase activity of the gingival homogenate was markedly increased. Activity in the cytosol and microsomal fractions was markedly increased when assessed as the specific activity based on nmol/min/mg of protein, and in the cytosol fraction as the percentage distribution of total activity. The 12-lipoxygenase activity in the homogenate from carrageenan-treated gingiva was not affected by either EDTA or calcium ion, or a combination of the two. 12-lipoxygenase activity in both carrageenan-treated and untreated gingiva was inhibited dose-dependently by AA861, a striking difference from its effect on platelet 12-lipoxygenase. There was a marked increase of 12-lipoxygenase activity in experimentally inflamed gingiva compared to the non-inflamed gingiva.     

In vivo and in vitro study of the effects of chlorpromazine on tooth mineralization in rats and mice

The effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on tooth mineralization were examined using incisor dentine in adult rats and cultured tooth germs of mandibular first molars dissected from mouse embryos. CPZ (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg, s.c.) substantially inhibited dentine mineralization as evaluated by contact microradiographs. Plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations were not decreased by CPZ (10 and 50 mg/kg). Physicochemical effects were not involved in the action of CPZ on the mineralization. In vitro experiments showed that CPZ (1 and 10 μM) inhibited mineralization and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the tooth germs. As CPZ has the properties of a calmodulin antagonist, the calmodulin antagonists W-7 and W-5 were also examined. Both inhibited mineralization and ALP activity in tooth germs; W-5 had less effect than W-7. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that CPZ inhibited cell-mediated mineralization in dentine without affecting the calciumdashregulating system and physicochemical mineral deposition. In addition, calmodulin could be involved in cell-mediated mineralization.     

Effects of benzo(a)pyrene and nicotine on prostaglandin synthesis in buccal pouch and submandibular glands of the Syrian hamster

Adult male Syrian hamsters were treated by swabbing the apex of the buccal pouch with corn oil (control, C), 1 mM benzo(a)pyrene (BP), nicotine (NC), or BP + NC in corn oil, twice daily, 5 days a week. After a 4-week treatment, the pouches and submandibular glands were dissected and used for the determination of endogenous prostaglandin (PG) production and studies on in vitro PG synthesis. Of the three PGs analysed (PGE₂, PGF₂ and 6-keto-PGF₁), PGE₂ was predominant in the pouch and the glands. BP or NC alone had only a weak effect on PG synthesis in both tissues. However, the combination of BP and NC had a synergistic effect, causing diminished PG synthesis in both tissues. In buccal pouch, BP + NC significantly decreased the concentrations of endogenous PGE₂ and PGF₂ (PGE₂: 0.669 + 0.254 versus 1.698 + 0.460, PGF₂: 0.273 ± 0.090 versus 0.625 ± 0.272 ng/g tissue; BP + NC versus C; mean ± SD, n = 5, p < 0.05). Similarly significant results were also found for in vitro PG synthesis (PGE₂: 0.541 ± 0.249 versus 1.399 ± 0.340, PGF₂: 1.045 ± 0.428 versus 2.133 ± 0.510 ng/g tissue; BP + NC versus C; mean ± SD, n = 5, p < 0.05). In submandibular glands, BP + NC significantly diminished the concentration of endogenous PGE₂ (1.183 ± 0.175 versus 2.379 ± 0.488 ng/g tissue; BP + NC versus C; mean ± SD, n = 5, p < 0.05). The synthesis of 6-keto-PGF₁ in both tissues, and the synthesis of PGF₂ in submandibular gland, were slightly decreased with all treatments.