Imaging Findings in Pediatric Hip Pain: A Pictorial Review

Pediatric hip pain may be caused by a variety of pathology, many of which are uniquely related to the anatomy of the immature skeletal system. Diagnosis of a specific etiology can sometimes be difficult given overlapping clinical presentation and potential barriers in communication in young children. Imaging is usually required in conjunction with clinical findings for diagnosis. In this article, we review imaging features of common sources of pediatric hip pain with a focus on ultrasound and radiography.     

Imaging of the post-operative orbit and associated complications

Dedicated post-operative radiological evaluation following ophthalmologic procedures is relatively uncommon. However, given the ever-growing ophthalmologic procedural advancements and the increasing utilization of neuroimaging for myriad indications, the orbits are often imaged incidentally in a delayed post-procedural state. Regardless of the clinical scenario, it is important for neuroradiologists and other specialists commonly exposed to orbital imaging to be aware of both expected and abnormal post-operative imaging findings because misinterpreted normal features or unrecognized complications can result in vision-threatening delays in treatment or mismanagement. In this review article, we discuss many common ophthalmologic procedures, their indications, and most likely complications. We also provide illustrative operative photographs and radiological imaging examples. By understanding the surgical intent, recognizing the devices that are commonly used, and developing familiarity with the appearance of post-operative complications, pitfalls in interpretation can be avoided and patient outcomes ultimately improved.     

Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Transvenous Biopsy of Abdominal and Pelvic Targets Difficult to Access by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy: Technique and Initial Clinical Experience

PurposeTo report initial clinical experience with intravascular ultrasound (US)-guided transvenous biopsy (TVB) for perivascular target lesions in the abdomen and pelvis using side-viewing phased-array intracardiac echocardiography catheters.Materials and MethodsIn this single-institution, retrospective study, 48 patients underwent 50 intravascular US-guided TVB procedures for targets close to the inferior vena cava or iliac veins deemed difficult to access by conventional percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB). In all procedures, side-viewing phased-array intracardiac echocardiography intravascular US catheters and transjugular liver biopsy sets were inserted through separate jugular or femoral vein access sheaths, and 18-gauge core needle biopsy specimens were obtained under real-time intravascular US guidance. Diagnostic yield, diagnostic accuracy, and complications were analyzed.ResultsIntravascular US-guided TVB was diagnostic of malignancy in 40 of 50 procedures for a diagnostic yield of 80%. There were 5 procedures in which biopsy was correctly negative for malignancy, with a per-procedure diagnostic accuracy of 90% (45/50). Among the 5 false negatives, 2 patients underwent repeat intravascular US-guided TVB, which was diagnostic of malignancy for a per-patient diagnostic accuracy of 94% (45/48). There were 1 (2%) mild, 2 (4%) moderate, and 1 (2%) severe adverse events, with 1 moderate severity adverse event (venous thrombosis) directly attributable to the intravascular US-guided TVB technique.ConclusionsIntravascular US-guided TVB performed on difficult-to-approach perivascular targets in the abdomen and pelvis resulted in a high diagnostic accuracy, similar to accepted thresholds for PNB. Complication rates may be slightly higher but should be weighed relative to the risks of difficult PNB, surgical biopsy, or clinical management without biopsy.     

Cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment of tongue carcinoma is a heterogeneous cell population

ObjectivesTo examine different immunophenotypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and to investigate how they related to clinical outcomes.MethodsSerial sections from 54 cases of TSCC were immunohistochemically stained with α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA, CAF marker) to determine CAF density, and double-immunostained with αSMA combined with CD80 and CD86 (myeloid/monocytic-derived cell markers), Nanog (mesenchymal stem cell marker) and CD133 (hematopoietic/endothelial stem cell marker). Density of cells co-expressing these marker combinations was semi-quantitatively assessed in 5 randomly selected high power fields within the tumor area and scored as 1 – one-to-five stained cells in each field, 2 – more than 5 stained cells in each field; any finding less than score 1, was allocated a score of 0.ResultsThere were 26 CAF-poor, 16 CAF-rich and 12 CAF-intermediated cases. CD86⁺αSMA⁺ cells were the most frequent (80.4%) followed by CD80⁺αSMA⁺ (72%) and Nanog⁺αSMA⁺ cells (56%). The CD133⁺αSMA⁺ phenotype was found only in association with blood vessels. High density of αSMA⁺ CAFs was associated with disease recurrence and poor survival (p < 0.05). Increased density of CD86⁺αSMA⁺ cells was significantly associated with CAF-rich tumors and with poor survival (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn TSCC, CAFs demonstrate heterogeneous and overlapping phenotypes with the myeloid/monocytic type being the most frequent and having an impact on the clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed in order to further characterize CAF phenotypes in carcinomas of various oral sites, as this may open new frontiers for personalized medicine.     

下颌骨缺损不同植入材料重建的X线影像学追踪观察

目的探讨下颌骨缺损重建的各种治疗方法的效果。方法对经病理确诊且经过治疗的67例下颌骨缺损重建患者的X线片表现进行回顾性分析,比较各种治疗方法的治疗效果。结果在下颌骨切除术后的67例患者,进行了即刻或二期植骨修复治疗。肋骨植入28例,其中7例感染,3例复发,1例植入骨断裂错位愈合;髂骨植入16例,其中1例感染;腓骨植入12例,其中3例同期行种植体的植入,共5枚;人工骨植入6例,其中1例为有机玻璃植入后感染再行人工骨植入,l例术后复发;有机玻璃植入2例,术后均感染;人工高分子材料网及骨松质植入1例;单纯钛板植入2例;复合植入物1例。结论肋骨、髂骨、腓骨植骨修复治疗为目前下颌缺损重建的主要方式,而带血管蒂的游离腓骨组织瓣移植术具有肋骨、髂骨移植术不可比拟的优点,是下颌骨切除术后修复重建的最佳方法之一。     

喙突过长致开口受限的临床观察

目的报道喙突过长引起下颌运动受限、开口困难的病例资料，供临床工作借鉴。方法报道7例喙突过长致开口困难病例的临床、X线表现及治疗方法。结果曲面断层、华特位片可较好的显示突喙突过长，但往往不为临床医师所认识。本资料6例经手术切除过长的喙突后，开口度均恢复正常。结论喙突过长致开口困难较少见，应在开口困难的鉴别中予以注意。     

Role of oral and maxillofacial radiology in clinical dentistry Current status and future perspective in Japan

The clinical use of imaging modalities in dentistry has so far been limited to hospitals affiliated with dental schools in Japan. The recent advances in digital radiology in dentistry, however are expected to help close the gap. Digital images are easy to transmit with its related informtion by telecommunications between the general practitioner and hospitals, among the hospitals and between the department of oral and maxillofacial radiology and the other clinical departments within the hospital. Digital radiography also is expected to help make radiographic information more accessible to general practitioners in Japan. Therefore, the demand for precise interpretation of images and the proper use of ionizing radiation in dentistry will be greater than ever, increasing the demand for specialists in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Furthermore, oral radiologists have to have enough experience and skill to meet the demand for consultaion and discussion from other departments and general practitioners across national borders and fields of specialty.     

经子宫输卵管插管治疗输卵管妊娠

目的：探讨经子宫输卵管插管治疗输卵管妊娠的方法，疗效及临床应用价值。方法：13例临床未破裂期输卵管妊娠病例，在数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下做患侧输卵管插管造影，明确诊断后送导丝刺破孕囊壁，向孕囊或输管管内注入氨甲喋呤（MTX）。结果：13例经插管造影均诊断为输卵管妊娠并一次插管治疗成功。血清绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）术后7d开始下降，2－4周内降至正常，孕囊术后2周开始缩小，4周内消失，治疗成功率为100％。结论：选择性输卵管造影及经输卵管刺破孕囊，灌注药物是诊断及治疗未破裂输卵管妊娠简便、安全和有效的方法。     

超选动脉骨髓基质干细胞灌注治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死中长期疗效分析

目的：研究骨髓基质干细胞经超选动脉灌注治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的中长期疗效。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2004年12月接受超选动脉骨髓基质干细胞灌注治疗且随访资料完整的62例78髋非创伤性股骨头坏死患者,男35例43髋,女27例35髋;年龄22～54岁,平均36.3岁。根据术前影像学资料示ARCOI期16髋,Ⅱ期52髋,llIa期10髋;术前Han＇is评分为（64．94±8．12）分。分析患者末次随访的Harris评分,影像学变化,DSA血管变化。结果：患者术后随访9～13年,平均11年。共18髋接受人工关节置换,术前ARCOI、Ⅱ期共10髋行人工关节置换,Ⅲa期8髋行人工关节置换。末次随访Harris评分为（71．21±10．19）分,较术前有明显提高。DSA可见供应股骨头的血管有增粗、增多。结论：超选动脉骨髓基质干细胞灌注能有效治疗ARCOI、Ⅱ期非创伤性股骨头坏死,可使旋股内动脉及其分支有增粗、增多表现。