石河子地区2012～2014年梅毒感染情况的分析

目的：调查分析石河子大学医学院第一附属医院近3年（2012～2014年）住院及门诊患者梅毒检出率、年龄、性别及所在科室分布情况,了解该地区梅毒流行趋势,为梅毒预防诊疗提供科学依据。方法采用3种方法对2012～2014年门诊及住院患者进行梅毒血清学检测,收集梅毒阳性患者资料进行回顾性分析。结果3年共检测患者74798例,检出梅毒阳性感染者1281例,3年阳性检出率依次为1．35％、1．83％、2．01％,总检出率1．71％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝39．877,P＜0．05）。所有检测结果阳性患者中,男性688例,女性588例,阳性检出率在性别上差异无统计学意义（χ2＝1．670,P＝0．434＞0．05）。不同民族检测情况为汉族581例,占45．36％;维吾尔族43例,占3．36％;哈萨克族23例,占1．80％。1281例梅毒阳性感染者快速血浆反应素环状试验阴性353例（占感染者27．56％）,且阴性者逐年增多。结论石河子地区梅毒感染率2012年后呈小幅度上升趋势,2013与2014年检出率间无明显差异。20岁～育龄期妇女是重点人群,政府相关部门应结合本地区的流行情况,采取相对应的措施,加大宣传力度,进一步做好梅毒防控工作。住院患者有必要进行梅毒筛查,有效预防梅毒的医院感染。     

梅毒及性传播疾病和艾滋病高发原因探析

造成梅毒及性传播疾病（包括HIV）流行行为危险因素还广泛存在,积极、稳妥、持续、科学的疾病预防与控制及支持策略是临床工作顺利展开的可靠保障。应客观、科学看待和解决,制定切实可行的措施。     

Point of care diagnostics for sexually transmitted infections: perspectives and advances

Accurate and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) tests are urgently needed to control sexually transmitted infection epidemics, so that patients can receive immediate diagnoses and treatment. Current POC assays for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae perform inadequately and require better assays. Diagnostics for Trichomonas vaginalis rely on wet preparation, with some notable advances. Serological POC assays for syphilis can impact resource-poor settings, with many assays available, but only one available in the U.S. HIV POC diagnostics demonstrate the best performance, with excellent assays available. There is a rapid assay for HSV lesion detection; but no POC serological assays are available. Despite the inadequacy of POC assays for treatable bacterial infections, application of technological advances offers the promise of advancing POC diagnostics for all sexually transmitted infections.     

Risk Factors for HIV,Viral Hepatitis,and Syphilis among Heroin Users in Northern Taiwan

A total of 125 heroin users were recruited from a detention center and two psychiatric hospitals in northern Taiwan during 2006 in order to investigate the prevalence and correlates of blood-borne infections among heroin users. The seroprevalence rates of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HBV, HDV, and syphilis were 15.2%, 74.4%, 15.2%, 6.4%, and 8%, respectively. Injection risk behaviors were associated with HIV, HCV, and syphilis infections, but not with HBV infections. Meanwhile, HCV and HBV infections were correlated with the duration of heroin use and age of the subjects, respectively. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive public health program is needed to prevent transmission of these blood-borne infections. The study's limitations are noted.     

Syphilis treatment: old and new

Syphilis has challenged scientists and clinicians since its first appearance in the late 1400s and debate continues to surround the best practice in management. Difficulties in defining the goals of successful treatment have contributed to problems in determining recommendations for the ideal management. Treatment regimens currently in use were developed before randomised controlled trials became standard. This, combined with national differences in disease definition, staging and varying interpretations of the studies, as well as the emergence of complicating comorbid conditions, such as HIV, has resulted in a lack of consensus for treatment. This paper will discuss the history and current treatment of syphilis focusing on dilemmas faced by clinicians today, including the emergence of a resistant strain. Despite the difference between current national guidelines, penicillin G largely remains the treatment of choice. Close follow up, monitoring and ensuring adequate compliance remain the most important aspects in the treatment of syphilis.     

2004-2013年杭州市萧山区梅毒疫情流行病学特征分析

目的：了解杭州市萧山区梅毒流行病学特征和发病趋势,为制定防制策略提供依据。方法：采用描述流行病学方法对萧山区2004-2013年梅毒发病资料进行三间分布分析;应用回顾性时空重排扫描统计量探测高发聚集区;构建SARIMA模型进行趋势预测。结果：萧山区梅毒发病率从2004年的18.52/10万上升至2013年的58.85/10万,呈明显上升趋势。男女发病比为0.72∶1,主要集中在20~39岁年龄段,职业以农民居多。回顾性时空聚集分析确定了5个可能的梅毒发病聚集区域。模型为SARIMA（0,1,1）（0,1,1）12。结论：萧山区（特别是中部地区）梅毒的流行情况较为严重,应采取综合性防制措施,有效控制梅毒流行。     

Multiple primary syphilis on the lip,nipple–areola and penis: An immunohistochemical examination of Treponema pallidum localization using an anti‐T. pallidum antibody

Primary syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum usually develops after sexual contact as an initial solitary sclerosis or hard chancre in the genital region. We describe a case of primary syphilis at three sites in genital and extragenital regions of a man who had sex with men. A 29‐year‐old man visited our hospital for skin lesions on his lower lip, nipple–areola and penis. A positive syphilis serological test for rapid plasma reagin had a titer of 1:16; the patient also tested positive for specific antibodies against T. pallidum, with a cut‐off index of 39.0. Histopathological examination of a nipple–areola biopsy specimen revealed a thickened epidermis and dense infiltration of inflammatory cells extending from the upper dermal layers to the deep dermis. The inflammatory cells were composed of abundant lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and neutrophils. Immunohistochemical staining for T. pallidum using an anti‐T. pallidum antibody showed numerous spirochetes in the lower portion of the epidermis, scattered inside inflammatory cell infiltrate and perivascular sites throughout the dermis. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with primary syphilis. Treatment with oral amoxicillin hydrate was started. Five days after starting treatment, a diffuse maculopapular rash (syphilitic roseola) occurred on his trunk and extremities. Perivascular cuffing due to T. pallidum was present throughout the dermis in the biopsy specimen of a localized lesion of primary syphilis. Moreover, syphilitic roseola, which indicates generalized dissemination of T. pallidum, developed during the course of treatment for primary syphilis. Therefore, we considered perivascular cuffing to be indicative of the dissemination phase.