汶川地震灾区中学生心理健康状况趋势分析

目的：了解＂5.12＂汶川大地震后灾区中学生的心理健康状况及时间变化趋势,为心理干预提供依据。方法：整群抽取地震后在成都异地复课的汶川县3所中学的学生,采用SCL-90自填式量表分别于震后4个月、7个月和10个月对其进行心理健康测评。结果：3次调查结果显示SCL-90总分及各因子得分均呈下降趋势（P〈0.01）。与中国青年常模比较,在地震后的3个阶段几乎均高于中国青年常模平均水平。结论：汶川地震灾区中学生的心理健康状况不容乐观,有必要采取长期持续且有针对性的心理干预。     

汶川地震后安县不同受灾地区女性受灾群众创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的发生率及相关因素

目的:汶川地震震后6个月安县不同受灾地区女性受灾群众创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)发生率及其相关因素。方法:应用使用自编个人基本情况调查表、创伤后应激障碍症状清单平民版(PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version,PCL-C)调查表和标准化评定工具,对地震时在安县地区居住,在极重受灾乡镇、重受灾乡镇、一般受灾乡镇灾区女性受灾群众应用PCL-C调查表进行PTSD诊断检查及相关量表的测查,测定PTSD总的发生率,对比不同受灾乡镇影响因素。结果:完成调查共563名20～70岁女性人群中,PTSD总的发生率是19.54%,极重灾区、重灾区和一般灾区PTSD发生率分别为26.94%,18.85%,15.79%,均高于一般人群。影响因素为反复重现创伤性体验,持续性警觉性增高,持续的回避。极重灾区、重灾区和一般灾区这几种因素对比有显著性差异。结论:震后6个月女性受灾群众PTSD发生率较高,重灾区女性受灾群众尤其需要灾后心理干预工作的关注。     

Global risk of big earthquakes has not recently increased

The recent elevated rate of large earthquakes has fueled concern that the underlying global rate of earthquake activity has increased, which would have important implications for assessments of seismic hazard and our understanding of how faults interact. We examine the timing of large (magnitude M≥7) earthquakes from 1900 to the present, after removing local clustering related to aftershocks. The global rate of M≥8 earthquakes has been at a record high roughly since 2004, but rates have been almost as high before, and the rate of smaller earthquakes is close to its historical average. Some features of the global catalog are improbable in retrospect, but so are some features of most random sequences--if the features are selected after looking at the data. For a variety of magnitude cutoffs and three statistical tests, the global catalog, with local clusters removed, is not distinguishable from a homogeneous Poisson process. Moreover, no plausible physical mechanism predicts real changes in the underlying global rate of large events. Together these facts suggest that the global risk of large earthquakes is no higher today than it has been in the past.     

汶川大地震期间唐山大地震亲历者心理状况调查

目的探讨在汶川大地震期间唐山大地震亲历者的心理状况。方法采用自编有关地震的一般情况调查表和症状自评量表（SCL-90）在汶川大地震发生后的1个月内调查218名唐山大地震的亲历者。结果唐山大地震的亲历者比未经历过地震的人更倾向于非常关注汶川地震;经历者在恐怖因子上显著地高于全国常模和未经历过地震者;大地震经历者的SCL-90的一些因子在是否在震中受过伤和地震场景是否反复出现上存在差异。结论汶川大地震期间唐山大地震亲历者的心理状况较差,主要表现在恐怖上。     

汶川大地震中抗震救灾官兵早期心理健康状态分析

目的探讨2008年5月12日在四川省汶川发生的8.0级大地震中,参与救援的某部官兵的早期心理健康状态及影响因素。方法对169名抗震救灾官兵,采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和访谈方式进行测查,并对获得的数据进行统计分析。结果169名在四川汶川抗震救灾的官兵,表现出的心理病理症状以躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍为主,心理干预后情况缓解。结论在艰苦、恶劣、危险的环境中高强度、长时间工作,面对血腥、凄惨的震后场面和心情压抑的灾民,心理会受到损害。及时地采取针对性心理干预技术,可减轻或避免“创伤后应激障碍”的发生。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates from earthquake victims in Wenchuan

On 12 May 2008, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan County, Sichuan, China. Between 12 May and 11 June, 1823 victims were hospitalized in West China Hospital. These patients were severely injured, and most of their wounds were contaminated. Here, the results of bacteriological identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of 725 non-duplicate isolates from earthquake victims are presented. Gram-negative bacilli were most frequently isolated (71.3%). Only 18.9% of isolates were Gram-positive bacteria; Candida spp. accounted for 9.7%, and Gram-negative cocci for 0.1%. After anaerobic culture, four Clostridium sordellii strains and one Clostridium bifermentans strain were isolated from deep wounds. Specimen culture from earthquake victims revealed a spectrum of pathogens and antibiotic susceptibilities that was different from that usually encountered in West China Hospital, especially concerning methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. The pathophysiology of the injuries in earthquake victims was different from that in the patients who were not earthquake victims. A combination of environmental bacteria with a high proportion of Gram-negative bacteria was often observed in the earthquake victims. Approximately 26% of all earthquake victims were shown to be carriers of MDR microorganisms. Therefore, appropriate microbiological assessment upon admission, and identification of patients to be put in quarantine, is of paramount importance.     

Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross‐sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake in China

Background: The impact of the May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, measuring a massive 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale, on public health in China has been significant and multifaceted. In light of extant data on prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after other natural diasters, we collected data from the Wenchuan earthquake survivors to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and to characterize a range of PTSD risk factors. Methods: A cross‐sectional multicluster sample survey of 446 respondents (201 from the Qiang ethnic‐minority group, 245 the majority Han Chinese group) was conducted in August 2008 in Beichuan county, Sichuan province, a region that was severely affected by the earthquake. In total, 240 households were represented, with a mean of 2.2 respondents per household. Data were collected from structured interviews and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and DSM‐IV criteria were used to diagnose PTSD. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 45.5% (203/446). Low household income, being from an ethnic minority, living in a shelter or temporary house, death in family, and household damage were factors significantly related to increased odds of PTSD. Conclusions: PTSD is common after a major disaster. Postdisaster mental health recovery programs that include early identification, ongoing monitoring, preventive and intervention programs, and sustained psychosocial support are needed for the highest‐risk population, namely, the bereaved, people without incomes and those with serious household damage. These populations may also benefit from governmental and nongovernmental programs that provide social and economic support, as suggested by earlier studies. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

地震后颅脑损伤患者20例临床分析

目的分析20例地震后颅脑损伤患者的临床特点和诊疗经验。方法对20例颅脑损伤患者从致伤方式,损伤类型,并发症情况及治疗经验等方面进行分析。结果地震后颅脑损伤患者合并损伤多,感染率高,内科并发症多,经多科联合治疗后均顺利康复。结论地震后颅脑损伤患者有其临床特点和转运指征,根据其特点进行多科联合治疗有助于患者的顺利康复。     

地震期间“双轨制”模式对非地震患者急诊滞留时间的影响

急诊室患者的滞留及由此导致的过度拥挤已经成为国内外医院面临的共同难题〔1-3〕。2013-04-20,四川雅安芦山的7.0级地震使成千上万人的生命受到严重伤害。突发事件对医院的影响主要包括两方面：一方面是医疗工作的正常运行被干扰,另一方面是患者的医疗需求剧增〔4〕。     

危重地震伤员院前转运要点

自2008年以来中国已经发生了三次严重的地震伤亡事件,每次大批量的地震伤员被分拣以后,短期内就需转运到当地医院进行救治。但常因危重伤员较多和当地医疗资源的匮乏,大量的危重伤员需要立刻从地震现场转运到后方医院治疗。由于其生理功能的紊乱及途中医疗条件的限制,会造成转途中存在着较大的风险。虽然目前国际上有较多关于危重病人转运的研究和指南,但主要是针对一般危重病人的院际及院间转运。