Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: Prematurely stopped phase II Austrian AGO chemotherapy studies

AIM: To report the results of two phase II studies of chemotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant and platinum-refractory ovarian cancer and discuss the current status of systemic therapy in this disease. METHODS: Two subsequent Austrian Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) phase II studies have been carried out. Patients either had platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant disease, i.e., disease progression during first line platinum-based therapy or recurrence within 6 mo following the last platinum-containing chemotherapy, respectively. In the first study, 6 cycles of irinotecan at 55 mg/m² and docetaxel 25 mg/m² were both administered on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 4 wk cycle. In the second phase II study, either non-pegylated (PEG) liposomal doxorubicin (L-DXR) 60 mg/m² monotherapy on day 1 and PEG filgrastim on day 2 (arm A) or L-DXR at 50 mg/m² and gemcitabine (GEM) at 650 mg/m² on day 1 and GEM on day 8 (arm B) were administered every 4 wk. Patients in arm B received prophylactic filgrastim 5 μg/kg per day from days 3 to 6 and from days 9 to 12, respectively. RESULTS: Response rates in studies were 14% and 17%, respectively. The progression-free survival was less than 3 mo. Diarrhea was most prevalent in patients treated with irinotecan + docetaxel, while stomatitis/mucositis occurred in a quarter of patients treated with L-DXR +/- GEM + granulocyte colony stimulating factor, respectively. Following treatment with the latter regimen, a total of 11 serious adverse events were recorded among the 12 patients included. The rate of remissions of the regimens used in these two Austrian AGO studies was low and their toxicity significant. Due to their low therapeutic index, neither of these regimens can be recommended in this heavily pretreated patient population with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer exhibiting a high tumor-associated symptom burden. CONCLUSION: The two reported phase II studies of the Austrian AGO in platinum-resistant disease had to be terminated prematurely due to a low therapeutic index. Treatment of this disease remains a clinical dilemma. Bevacizumab seems to be active at this late-stage disease but may be associated with significant bowel toxicity.     

改良FOLFOXIRI方案一线治疗晚期结直肠癌的疗效及生存预后分析

目的:观察改良FOLFOXIRI方案一线治疗晚期结直肠癌的近期疗效、远期生存及不良反应.方法:采用前瞻性观察研究方法对47例晚期结直肠癌患者采用mFOLFOXIRI方案一线化疗.伊立替康(IRI)165mg/m2静脉滴注90min d 1,奥沙利铂(OXA)85mg/m2静脉滴注2h d 1,亚叶酸钙400mg/m2静脉滴注2h d 1,5-FU 2400~2800mg/m2持续静脉滴注48h,每2周为一周期.观察该方案的近期疗效及不良反应,并通过长期随访进行生存分析.结果:47例晚期结直肠癌患者治疗的总有效率(ORR)为51.1%,疾病控制率(DCR)为85.1%,中位无进展生存期(PFS)8.4个月(95%CI:6.6~10.2个月),中位总生存期(OS)20.7个月(95%CI:15.3~26.1个月).根据年龄及ECOG PS评分将患者分为体力状况较好组及体力状况中等组,两组近期疗效及PFS、OS均无显著统计学差异.亚组分析显示肿瘤早期缓解患者较非早期缓解患者的PFS及OS延长且具有统计学意义(PFS:11.0个月vs 7.1个月,P=0.044;OS:29.7个月vs 20.7个月,P=0.036);原发灶位于左半结肠/直肠者较右半结肠者的PFS及OS延长且具有统计学意义(PFS:10.6个月vs 3.7个月,P=0.002;OS:27.3个月vs 14.2个月,P=0.021).全组不良反应较轻,以I-II级为主,III-IV级不良反应主要为中性粒细胞减少及延迟性腹泻,但均为可控,无治疗相关死亡.结论:改良FOLFOXIRI三药联合方案作为晚期结直肠癌的一线治疗方案,其有效率高、不良反应可耐受,并可达到较长的生存时间,原发灶部位及是否达到早期缓解与患者预后生存可能有关,值得进一步临床研究.     

Irinotecan,a key chemotherapeutic drug for metastatic colorectal cancer

Irinotecan hydrochloride is a camptothecin derivative that exerts antitumor activity against a variety of tumors. SN-38 produced in the body by carboxylesterase is the active metabolite of irinotecan. After irinotecan was introduced for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer(CRC) at the end of the last century,survival has improved dramatically. Irinotecan is now combined with 5-fluorouracil,oxaliplatin and several molecularly-targeted anticancer drugs,resulting in the extension of overall survival to longer than 30 mo. Severe,occasionally life-threatening toxicity occurs sporadically,even in patients in relatively good condition who have a low risk of chemotherapyinduced toxicity,often causing the failure of irinotecanbased chemotherapy. Clinical pharmacological studies have revealed that such severe toxicity is related to exposure to SN-38 and genetic polymorphisms in UDPglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene. The large interand intra-patient variability in systemic exposure to SN-38 is determined not only by genetic factors but also by physiological and environmental factors. This review first summarizes the roles of irinotecan in chemotherapy for metastatic CRC and then discusses the optimal dosing of irinotecan based on the aforementioned factors affecting systemic exposure to SN-38,with the ultimate goal of achieving personalized irinotecan-based chemotherapy.     

Meta-regression of treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer: Quantifying incremental benefit from 2000 to 2012

To evaluate the overall effectiveness of treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer, a meta-regression was undertaken in which randomized studies from 2000 to 2012 were evaluated and the temporal trend for both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was determined. Our literature search was essentially based on PubMed but information sources were scanned. Trials were included if a fluoropyrimidine regimen was given to at least one arm and information on PFS and OS was available. Medians for OS and PFS were our end-points. Covariates included temporal trend, arm allocation and Kirsten rat sarcoma status. In analyzing 130 treatment arms identified through our literature search, meta-regression showed an improvement with time for both OS (P < 0.001) and PFS (P < 0.001). The increase in median OS was from 14.9 mo in 2000 to 18.8 mo in 2012. Likewise, the improvement in PFS was from 5.7 to 8.1 mo. Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings. A post-hoc multivariate analysis was focused on patient arms treated with bevacizumab (n = 17) or without bevacizumab (n = 113); the multivariate-adjusted improvement attributable to bevacizumab was 1.66 mo for OS (P = 0.071) and 1.59 mo for PFS (P = 0.002). Overall, our results indicate that OS and PFS have improved from 2000 to 2012 but the extent of this improvement is small and seems to have quite a questionable clinical relevance.     

胃癌组织和循环miR-21与胃癌伊立替康敏感性关系的初步研究

背景与目的：肿瘤组织和细胞中的miR-21先后被证实与肿瘤对化疗药物的敏感性有关,高表达miR-21提示肿瘤对多种化疗药物不敏感。外周血蕴含丰富的肿瘤信息,为个体化药物治疗提供了新的检测来源。本研究初步探讨胃癌组织和血浆循环miR-21表达水平与胃癌铂类药物和伊立替康敏感性之间的关系。方法：系统收集35例经病理确诊的新鲜人胃癌标本,采用三维微组织块培养法行两种药物的体外敏感试验;实时荧光定量PCR检测血浆和对应胃癌石蜡组织中miR-21表达水平。结果：血浆miR-21与对应肿瘤组织miR-21呈正相关(rho=0.736, P＜0.001)。血浆miR-21水平与性别、年龄、病理类型、分化程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤部位无统计学相关性,但是Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的miR-21水平较Ⅰ期有偏高的趋势。铂类药物敏感组与耐药组肿瘤组织miR-21相对表达量分别为1.32(95%CI：0.73～1.90)和4.06(95%CI：1.71～6.41),差异无统计学意义(P=0.004);铂类药物敏感组与耐药组血浆miR-21相对表达量分别为5.25(95%CI：0.14～10.64)和5.82(95%,差异无统计学意义CI：2.27～9.37),差异无统计学意义(P=0.19)。伊立替康敏感组与耐药组肿瘤组织miR-21相对表达量分别为1.09(95%CI：0.65～1.54)和4.94(95%CI：2.44～7.44),差异无统计学意义(P<0.001);伊立替康敏感组与耐药组血浆miR-21相对表达量分别为1.86(95%CI：1.08～2.64)和12.42(95%CI：3.14～21.70)差异无统计学意义(P=0.001)。结论：血浆循环miR-21与对应肿瘤组织miR-21水平呈显著正相关,在一定程度上能反映肿瘤组织miR-21的水平。血浆miR-21水平与新鲜胃癌组织对伊立替康的敏感性呈负相关,肿瘤组织miR-21水平与新鲜胃癌组织对伊立替康和铂类药物的敏感性呈负相关。     

UGT1A1基因多态性与伊立替康为主方案治疗晚期结直肠癌的毒性和疗效的相关性分析

目的 探讨中国汉族人结直肠癌患者尿苷二磷酸葡糖苷酸转移酶1A1（UGT1A1）基因多态性分布,评价UGT1A1基因多态性与伊立替康（CPT-11）为主方案治疗晚期结直肠癌的毒性和疗效的关系。方法 以CPT-11为主的FOLFIRI方案（CPT-11 180mg／m²）和IFL方案（CPT-11 125mg／m²）治疗晚期结直肠癌,检测患者的UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6基因型,分析UGT1A1基因多态性及其与化疗毒性、疗效和预后的相关性。结果 共纳入192例患者,189例行UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6基因型检测,野生型占37.6％,1个位点变异型占43.9％,2个位点突变异型占18.5％。183例可评价毒副反应,3～4级中性粒细胞减少的发生率为26.6％（51／183）;3～4级迟发性腹泻的发生率为15.1％（29／183）。2个位点变异的患者3～4级迟发性腹泻发生率显著高于野生型患者（26.5％vs.9.0％,P=0.021）。UGT1A1*28野生型、杂合突变型、纯合突变型的2～4级迟发性腹泻的发生率分别为29.6％、37.5％和88.9％,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.02）。UGT1A1*28纯合突变者4级中性粒细胞减少的发生率为33.3％,高于UGT1A1*28野生型的9.6％,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.07）。Logistic多因素分析显示UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6基因型是2～4级迟发性腹泻的影响因素。CPT-11剂量高者的3～4级中性粒细胞减少（OR=5.666,95%CI：2.088～15.377,P=0.001）和2～4级迟发性腹泻（OR=4.481,95%CI：1.568～12.807,P=0.005）发生率也显著升高。158例可评价疗效,获CR 3例、PR 30例、SD 91例、PD 34例,总有效率为20.9％。2个位点变异患者的有效率为33.3％,高于野生型的15.3％,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.063）。治疗时间在6周以下者疾病进展的风险显著增加（OR=6.106,95％CI：1.680～22.197,P=0.006）。Cox多因素分析显示,ECOG评分、治疗时间及治疗方案是影响患者预后的独立因素,而UGT1A1基因多态性与预后无关。结论 UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6基因型2个位点变异的患者应用CPT.11为主方案化疗的不良反应发生率较高,但疗效较好,由不良反应导致的治疗时间缩短可能会影响其获得更好的疗效。     

伊立替康联合顺铂二线治疗晚期胃癌的临床观察

目的评估伊立替康(CPT-11)联合顺铂(DDP) (IC方案)二线治疗晚期胃癌的疗效和安全性。方法以一线方案不含伊立替康和顺铂化疗失败的晚期胃腺癌患者36例为研究对象,采用IC方案治疗,具体为：CPT-11 250 mg/m2,DDP 75 mg/m2第1天静脉输注,每3周重复。观察患者的疗效和不良反应。结果可供评价的35例患者,共接受了117周期的化疗,其中CR 2例,PR 7例,SD 10例,PD 16例,有效率RR为25.7%(9/35),疾病控制率DCR为54.3%(19/35)。中位TTP为4.6月(3.2～6.5月)。最常见的不良反应为白细胞减少(77.1%)、中性粒细胞减少(74.3%)、恶心呕吐(57.1%)、腹泻(28.6%),其3~4度发生率分别为28.6%、28.6%、31.4%、20.0%,总体耐受性良好。结论IC方案可安全有效地应用于一线化疗失败的晚期胃癌患者。     

Sirolimus, bevacizumab, 5-Fluorouracil and irinotecan for advanced colorectal cancer： A pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of combined 5-Fluorouracil, irinotecan, bevacizumab and sirolimus in refractory advanced colorectal carcinoma. METHODS： We initiated a regimen with at day 1 an injection （iv） of bevacizumab at 5 mg/kg, followed by 180 mg/m^2 irinotecan, followed by Leucovorin 400 mg/m^2, followed by a 5-Fluorouracil bolus 400 mg/m^2 and a 46-h infusion 2400 mg/m^2. Sirolimus was given orally as continuous administration of 2 mg twice a day every days. This treatment was repeated every 14 d. RESULTS： A total of 12 patients were enrolled. All patients presented with metastatic disease that had failed at least three lines of chemotherapy that contained oxaliplatin, irinotecan and bevacizumab. Cetuximab failure was also observed in all K-Ras wildtype patients. The median number of cycles was 8.5 （range 2-20） and clinical benefit was observed in eight patients. The median time to progression was 5 mo and the median survival was 8 too. Grade 3 neutropenia developed in four patients, and grade 3 diarrhea and stomatitis in two.CONCLUSION： The combination regimen of 5-Fluorouracil,irinotecan, bevacizumab and sirolimus in advanced colorectal carcinoma after failure of dassical be.absent is feasible and promising. Further evaluation of this combination is required.