供者KIR基因型B／X对无关HLA全相合造血干细胞移植的影响

目的分析NK细胞免疫球蛋白样受体（KIR）B／X基因型对无关供者HLA全相合造血干细胞移植患者预后的影响。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应（SSP．PCR）和序列特异性寡核苷酸探针聚合酶链反应（SSOP-PCR）的方法,对52对HLA全相合供．受者进行KIR与HLA分型．患者中急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）22例,急性髓系自血病（AML）13例,慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）15例,骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）l例,急性杂合型白血病（HAL）l例。结果①28例供者KIR基因型为B／X,24例供者KIR基因型为A／A。②KIR基因型B／X组患者移植后中性粒细胞和血小板的重建时间与A／A基因型组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两者的Ⅲ^。-Ⅳ^。急性GVHD（10．7％VS20．8％,P=-0．266）和慢性GVHD（53．6％Vs29．2％,P=0．067）之间的差异无统计学意义。B／X基因型组患者移植后3年持续缓解率（70．7％VS62．5％．P=0．414）和3年总生存率（75．5％VS62．5％,P=0．194）高于A／A组,但差异无统计学意义。结论在无关供者HLA全相合造血干细胞移植中,供者KIR基因型B／X可能增加了患者慢性GVHD的发生率,对持续缓解率和总生存率无明显影响。     

非血缘HLA相合供者造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床分析

本研究旨在评价HLA不全相合的亲属供者或HLA相合非血缘供者造血干细胞移植在治疗重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效和安全性。在2005年11月至2011年5月期间采用非血缘供者或者单倍体相合供者造血干细胞移植治疗SAA患者20例,其中亲缘HLA不合单倍体相合供者14例,非血缘HLA相合供者6例。预处理采用氟达拉滨(FLU)、环磷酰胺(CTX)和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)方案,移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防方案为经典的环孢素A(CsA)联合短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)及霉酚酸酯(MMF)。对单倍体相合供者采集经G-CSF动员的骨髓及外周血干细胞联合应用;非血缘供者单纯采集外周血干细胞。结果表明:所有患者均获供者型造血重建,粒细胞植活中位时间14(11-20)d,血小板植活中位时间17(13-31)d,2例取得完全供者植入后2个月发生排斥,其中1例进行母亲单倍体相合供者二次移植,达到完全供者持久植入;移植后发生Ⅱ度急性GVHD 4例,慢性GVHD发生7例,其中1例为慢性广泛性GVHD;14例无病生存,所有存活患者最少随访时间在8个月以上,中位随访时间为48个月,血象完全恢复,Kaplan-Meier计算的累积无病生存率为68.9%。结论:采用FLU、CTX和抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白进行预处理,用HLA不全相合的亲属供者或HLA相合非血缘供者造血干细胞移植治疗SAA,植入率高,感染发生率降低,获得良好的长期生存疗效。     

Key issues in transplant tourism

Access to organ transplantation depends on national circumstances, and is partly determined by the cost of health care, availability of transplant services, the level of technical capacity and the availability of organs. Commercial transplantation is estimated to account for 5%-10% (3500-7000) of kidney transplants performed annually throughout the world. This review is to determine the state and outcome of renal transplantation associated with transplant tourism (TT) and the key challenges with such transplantation. The stakeholders of commercial transplantation include: patients on the waiting lists in developed countries or not on any list in developing countries; dialysis funding bodies; middlemen, hosting transplant centres; organ-exporting countries; and organ vendors. TT and commercial kidney transplants are associated with a high incidence of surgical complications, acute rejection and invasive infection which cause major morbidity and mortality. There are ethical and medical concerns regarding the management of recipients of organs from vendors. The growing demand for transplantation, the perceived failure of altruistic donation in providing enough organs has led to calls for a legalised market in organ procurement or regulated trial in incentives for donation. Developing transplant services worldwide has many benefits - improving results of transplantation as they would be performed legally, increasing the donor pool and making TT unnecessary. Meanwhile there is a need to re-examine intrinsic attitudes to TT bearing in mind the cultural and economic realities of globalisation. Perhaps the World Health Organization in conjunction with The Transplantation Society would set up a working party of stakeholders to study this matter in greater detail and make recommendations.     

Domestic and foreign donor candidates result in differential probability of matching minor histocompatibility antigens – relevance of selection for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Mismatches between patient and donor at minor histocompatibility antigens (minor H antigens) account for most of the genetic component of histocompatibility problems in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs). There are usually more genetic differences outside the matched HLA region between unrelated donors and patients than in transplantations between related individuals. Also, foreign unrelated donors may differ from domestic donors at several loci as allele frequencies vary between populations. To unravel differences in minor H antigen matching when using unrelated donors from various registries worldwide, we genotyped 10 minor H antigen loci for 143 consecutive Finnish patients and 424 unrelated donor candidates. We observed that probability of matching specific minor H antigens was different for domestic and foreign donor candidates. HA-2 and HA-3 minor H antigens were significantly more often mismatched with Finnish donor candidates ( P  = 0.0003 for HA-2 and P = 0.004 for HA-3), whereas ACC1 and ACC2 minor H antigens were significantly more often mismatched with foreign donor candidates ( P  = 0.04 for ACC1 and P  = 0.03 for ACC2). This observation is of clinical importance when specific minor H antigens are intended to match or mismatch in the future to minimize the risk for graft- vs -host disease or to maximize the graft- vs -malignancy effect in HLA-matched HSCT from an unrelated donor.     

When there is no match,the game is not over: Alternative donor options for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in sickle cell disease

Many patients with sickle cell disease experience severe morbidity and early mortality. The only curative option remains hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although HLA-matched sibling transplantation has been very successful for adults and children, the vast majority of patients with sickle cell disease do not have an HLA-matched sibling. Alternative donor options include haploidentical, unrelated umbilical cord blood, and matched unrelated donor transplantation. This report summarizes major alternative donor transplantation studies reported to date and ongoing and upcoming clinical trials. We conclude that when there is no HLA-match, all these approaches should be systematically considered before ruling out the option of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.     

比较脐血与非血缘不全相合供者移植对恶性血液病疗效的Meta分析

目的 分析和比较非血缘脐血干细胞移植（unrelated cord blood transplantation, UCBT）和人类白细胞抗原不全相合非血缘供者移植（human leukocyte antigen mismatched unrelated donor transplantation, HLA MMUDT）对成人恶性血液病的疗效及预后。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆的临床对照试验数据库（CENTRAL）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库、维普数据库（VIP）,并对纳入文献的参考文献进行扩大检索。采用RevMan5.3软件进行统计分析。结果 共纳入7篇文献,包含1 275例接受UCBT治疗患者及751例接受MMUDT治疗患者。Meta分析结果显示,UCBT组的急、慢性移植物抗宿主病的发生率均低于MMUDT组（RR=0.89,95%CI=0.80～0.99,P=0.03;RR=0.63,95%CI=0.50～0.79,P＜0.01）,感染相关病死率高于MMUDT组（RR=1.23,95%CI=1.05～1.46,P=0.01）,但是两组的复发率、移植相关病死率、总体生存率、无病生存率差异无统计学意义（RR=0.85,95%CI=0.65～1.11,P=0.23; RR=0.95,95%CI=0.78～1.17,P=0.51;HR=1.01,95%CI=0.90～1.13,P=0.87;HR=1.04,95%CI=0.91～1.20,P=0.56）。结论 对于成人高度恶性血液疾病,未找到全相合血缘和非血缘关系供者而言,脐血移植及不全相合非血缘供者移植可作为一种有效的治疗方法。MMUDT对于感染风险较大、缺乏全相合供者的患者较UCBT有一定的优势。     

Unrelated stem cell transplant for infantile idiopathic myelofibrosis

Idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) is a rare disease in children that can present during infancy and have a protracted course. The only known curative approach for this disease in adult patients is allogeneic stem cell transplant. We present two cases of IMF during infancy that did not resolve with supportive care measures. Both patients underwent unrelated stem cell transplant with complete resolution of their hematologic manifestations and resolution of the bone marrow fibrosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:893–895. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

急性白血病患者非血缘脐血干细胞移植后NK细胞及其表面受体的早期重建

本研究探讨非血缘脐血移植（unrelated cord blood stem cell transplantation,UCBT）后早期NK细胞及其表面受体重建的特点和规律及其对临床的重要性。对11例接受UCBT的急性白血病患者使用流式细胞术分别检测UCBT后受者早期（植活后90天内）NK细胞及其表面受体的重建以及T细胞和B细胞的免疫重建情况。结果表明：UCBT后NK细胞重建较早,植活时外周血中NK细胞数即高于正常水平;植活后30天达峰值,60天时绝对值达峰值水平。NK表面活化性受体NKG2D的重建早,植活时即高表达,并逐步上升,约60天达峰值（82．55±9．10）％;NK细胞的另一种活化性受体NKp46也获得早期重建,至植活后90天仍维持在高水平。NK细胞抑制性受体NKG2A在UCBT后表达较活化性受体低并持续至移植后90天。UCBT后T细胞的重建较晚,表达水平低。结论：急性白血病患者UCBT后早期NK细胞的重建较早;NK细胞表面活化性受体特别是NKG2D的重建早于抑制性受体,提示NK细胞的活化可能在UCBT后早期移植物抗白血病（GVL）作用中承担了重要角色。     

无关供者异基因造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征9例患者临床分析

目的探讨无关供者异基因造血干细胞移植(UD-HSCT)治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的疗效和可行性。方法MDS患者9例,其中男性6例,女性3例;年龄7～46岁,中位年龄30岁。其中难治性贫血(RA)1例,难治性血细胞减少伴有多系发育异常(RCMD)2例,难治性贫血伴有原始细胞过多-2(RAEB-2)5例,MDS进展为急性髓系白血病(MDS-AML)1例。接受UD-HSCT治疗的MDS患者中外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)8例,骨髓移植(BMT)1例。供受者HLA高分辨配型10/10位点相合4例、9/10位点相合4例、7/10位点相合1例。预处理方案为BU+CY+Flud+Ara-C+ATG 8例、BU+Mel+Flud+Ara-C+ATG 1例,移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防方案为FK506+MTX+MMF 8例、CsA+MTX+MMF 1例。结果9例患者均获得造血重建,中性粒细胞≥0.5×109/L和血小板≥20×109/L的中位时间分别为移植后15(11～20)d和23(8～32)d。6例患者发生急性GVHD(aGVHD),其中Ⅰ度4例,Ⅱ度2例,5例患者发生局限型慢性GVHD(cGVHD)。中位随访20.3(6.4～50.0)个月,1例患者移植后14个月复发死亡,其余8例患者中位随访27.9(6.4～50.0)个月,均无病存活,总体生存率(OS)及无病生存率(DFS)均为85.7%±13.2%。结论UD-HSCT治疗MDS安全有效,在无同胞全合供者时,无关供者也可以作为此类患者有效治疗选择。     

Improved outcome in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after bone marrow transplantation from related and unrelated donors: a single-centre experience of 12 patients

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an autosomal recessive disease with histiocytic and lymphocytic infiltrations in multiple organs. Cure seems possible only by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but matched sibling donors (MSD) are restricted and high mortality rates are associated with BMT from unrelated donors (URD). We report on 12 consecutive HLH patients with an improved outcome following URD transplants. Eight patients received BMT from URD, four from MSD. Five patients had signs of active HLH at the time of BMT. The conditioning regimen consisted of 20 mg/kg busulphan, 60 mg/kg VP-16 and 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and, in case of URD, 90 mg/kg antithymocyte globulin. The doses of busulphan and VP-16 were reduced during the programme to 16 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Using a fivefold graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, GVHD was absent or mild in 10, and moderate or severe in two patients undergoing unrelated transplants. One patient with URD experienced graft failure and was retransplanted on day 37. Major toxicities were hepatic veno-occlusive disease in five, capillary leak syndrome in two, pneumonia in three, sepsis in one, severe mucositis in one and seizures in two patients. All patients are alive without HLH after a median follow-up of 24.5 months. One patient has chronic GVHD, another patient has severe retardation. Three patients show slight to moderate development delay. These results indicate that in HLH, BMT from matched unrelated donors should be performed. Incomplete resolution of disease activity need not impede a successful outcome.