苏州市公众酒后驾驶宣传干预效果评价

目的评价苏州市公众酒后驾驶宣传干预效果。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,干预前后分别对居民进行酒后驾驶相关知识、态度、行为问卷调查。结果居民对酒后驾驶知识知晓率由干预前的44.97%提高至干预后的62.20%(P0.05),行为正确率由70.70%提高至74.30%(P0.05),态度正确率由81.29%提高至83.71%(P0.05)。干预后城市居民、无驾照者知识知晓率提高幅度较农村居民、有驾照者大。结论本次干预后取得一定成效,但仍需加强宣传教育,杜绝酒后驾驶行为。     

河南省全球基金疟疾项目（NSA 项目）终期评估（二）：KAP 调查及结果分析

目的：了解河南省全球基金疟疾项目（NSA 项目）实施对项目覆盖人群的健康教育促进情况,评估项目实施效果。方法按照《国家全球基金疟疾项目终期评估方案》,采用现场问卷调查的方式在所有全球基金疟疾项目县开展疟疾防治知识知晓率、培训效果满意度及目标人群受益情况与满意度调查,对调查数据进行汇总、整理和分析。结果2012年对90个县（市、区）的26673名居民、17421名学生、3311名疟疾防控人员及2614名目标人群的调查结果显示,居民与学生的疟疾防治知识知晓率分别为94.65%和93.73%,较2010年基线调查数据分别上升72.18%和78.70%;知晓率居民高于学生（P<0.0001）;中学生（94.78%）高于小学生（92.81%）（P<0.001）;一类县居民和学生的知晓率分别为96.02%和95.64%,分别高于二类县居民（94.55%）和学生（93.57%）的知晓率（P<0.01）;受训人员对项目培训的目标、内容、方式、效果和总体评价的满意度为93.54%～98.34%;疟疾病人对免费抗疟药物服务的满意度为100%（203/203）;居民对疟防宣教材料的满意度为96.10%（2512/2614）。结论全球基金疟疾项目的执行使居民与学生疟疾防治知识知晓率大幅上升,基层医疗人员及居民的整体满意度高。     

上海市社区全科医生对未分化疾病认知度和诊疗能力的自我评价研究

背景　随着基层医疗卫生机构改革的深化,社区未分化疾病逐渐被重视,且被认为对于基层医疗卫生机构整体服务能力的重要性不亚于慢性病管理,但目前国内关于全科医生对于未分化疾病诊疗情况的调查性或评价性研究相对少见。目的　了解上海市社区全科医生对社区常见未分化疾病认知度和诊疗能力自我评价现况,并尝试分析其可能的影响因素,为优化社区常见未分化疾病诊疗提供参考。方法　2019年6月至2020年6月,采用分层抽样的方法,抽取上海市城区和郊区的32家社区卫生服务中心的320例全科医生为研究对象。运用自制问卷了解全科医生对未分化疾病的认知度及诊疗能力自我评价情况。未分化疾病认知度及诊疗能力水平由被调查者依据Likert 5级量表评分自评。采用线性逐步回归分析全科医生未分化疾病诊疗能力水平影响因素。结果　回收有效问卷283份,有效回收率为88.4%。158例（55.8%）全科医生对未分化疾病定义和概念完全不了解或仅听说过但不太了解。完成住院医师规范化培训的全科医生对未分化疾病概念及定义、未分化疾病国内外研究进展、未分化疾病相关书籍及指南认知度更高（P<0.05）。被调查全科医生自评的未分化疾病常规诊疗能力平均得分为（3.32±0.567）分、未分化疾病急危重症急救处理能力平均得分为（3.42±0.677）分、未分化疾病转诊能力平均得分为（3.38±0.654）分。线性逐步回归分析结果显示,是否完成住院医师规范化培训、学历、职称、工作所在区域是全科医生未分化疾病常规诊疗能力的影响因素（P<0.05）;是否完成住院医师规范化培训是全科医生未分化疾病急危重症患者急救处理能力的影响因素（P<0.05）;是否完成住院医师规范化培训、工作所在区域是全科医生未分化疾病患者转诊能力的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　全科医生对未分化疾病的认知度及诊疗能力有待进一步提高,住院医师规范化培训对于提高全科医生在未分化疾病各方面诊疗能力的影响较大。因此各方应给予社区未分化疾病更多的重视,并通过进一步落实和完善全科医师规范化培训及在未分化疾病诊疗中为全科医生提供更有效的临床循证依据和辅助支持,使其在未分化疾病诊疗中进一步发挥出全科诊疗的优势。     

The neural substrates of conscious color perception demonstrated using fMRI

It is well established that seeing color activates the ventral occipital cortex, including the fusiform and lingual gyri, but less is known about whether the region directly relates to conscious color perception. We investigated the neural correlates of conscious color perception in the ventral occipital cortex. To vary conscious color perception with the stimuli-remaining constant, we took advantage of the McCollough effect, an illusory color effect that is contingent on the orientation of grating stimuli. Subjects were exposed to a specific combination of chromatic grating patterns for 10 min to induce the McCollough effect. We compared brain activities measured while the subjects viewed achromatic grating stimuli before (PRE) and after the induction of the McCollough effect (POST) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). There were two groups: one group was informed that they would perceive illusory color during the session (INFORMED group), whereas the other group was not informed (UNINFORMED group). The successful induction of the McCollough effect was confirmed in all subjects after the fMRI experiment; nevertheless, only approximately half of the UNINFORMED subjects had been aware of the color during the POST session, while the other half had not. The left anterior portion of the color-selective area in the ventral occipital cortex, presumably V4alpha, was significantly active in subjects who had consciously perceived the color during MR scan. This study demonstrates the activity in a subregion of the color-selective area in the ventral occipital cortex directly related to conscious color perception.     

Simulation-based education promoting situation awareness in undergraduate nursing students: A scoping review

AimTo examine simulation-based education (SBE) strategies on situation awareness (SA) in nursing students including the strategies of SBE, the measurement tools of SA during SBE and the effectiveness of SBE on SA.BackgroundSA has been reported as an effective way to identify and manage deteriorating patients. Researchers have suggested that SBE is more effective than other instructional modalities in improving SA. However, SA among nursing students and studies regarding the effectiveness of SBE on SA are limited.DesignThe Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework was used to guide the review process and the PRISMA-ScR checklist was used to report on this scoping review.MethodsThe databases searched were Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBSCO and Google Scholar from December 2020 to November 2021. Thematic analysis was applied to identify the main findings in the literature.ResultsNine eligible articles were included. Five major themes were identified: SBE situations used to teach SA to nursing students, SBE strategies to improve SA in nursing, effectiveness of SBE on SA in nursing, measurements of SA used during the SBE and experimental studies examining the effectiveness of SBE on SA.ConclusionThis review reveals that SBE may be useful to cultivate SA in nursing students. Future studies that use randomized clinical trials to test the effects of combining different simulation strategies on SA are suggested. Developing more reliable and valid SA global assessment queries and standardizing the query process of SA measurement is also recommended.     

Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC): Standardisation of the principal subscale to assess awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness

Establishing valid and reliable measures for use with patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) following profound brain injury is challenging due to a number of factors including the complex presentation of such patients and assessor variability. The auditory modality has been demonstrated to have greater sensitivity for detecting awareness in DOC patients. However, there are no measures developed to assess auditory responsiveness specifically. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the principal subscale of a music therapy assessment tool (MATADOC) developed for use with adult DOC patients. The subscale assesses behavioural domains essential for diagnosis of awareness. Twenty-one adult patients were recruited from a specialist rehabilitation unit. In a prospective study with repeated measures, internal consistency, inter-rater and test–retest reliability and dimensionality were examined. The five-item scale showed satisfactory internal reliability (α = .76) and a strong first principal component. Corrected item-total correlations were all > .45. Inter-rater intra-class correlations (ICCs) ranged from 0.65–1.00 and intra-rater ICCs from 0.77–0.90. Rasch analysis confirmed these impressions of a reliable, unidimensional and homogenous scale. Diagnostic outcomes had 100% agreement with a validated external reference standard. The results indicate that the MATADOC principal subscale provides a new behavioural measure that can contribute to interdisciplinary assessment of awareness with DOC patients.     

Neural processing stages during object-substitution masking and their relationship to perceptual awareness

The extent of visual perceptual processing that occurs in the absence of awareness is as yet unclear. Here we examined event-related-potential (ERP) indices of visual and cognitive processes as awareness was manipulated through object-substitution masking (OSM), an awareness-disrupting effect that has been hypothesized to result from the disruption of reentrant signaling to low-level visual cortical areas. In OSM, a visual stimulus array is briefly presented that includes a parafoveal visual target denoted by a cue, typically consisting of several surrounding dots. When the offset of the target-surrounding cue dots is delayed relative to the rest of the array, a striking reduction in the perception of the target image surrounded by the dots is observed. Using faces and houses as the target stimuli, we found that successful OSM reduced or eliminated all the measured electrophysiological indices of visual processing stages after 130 ms post-stimulus. More specifically, when targets were missed within the masked condition (i.e., on trials with effective OSM that disrupted awareness), we observed fully intact early feed-forward processing up through the visual extrastriate P1 ERP component peaking at 100 ms, followed by reduced low-level activity over the occipital pole 130–170 ms post-stimulus, reduced ERP indices of lateralized shifts of attention toward the parafoveal target, reduced object-generic visual processing, abolished object-category-specific (face-specific) processing, and reduced late visual short-term-memory processing activity. The results provide a comprehensive electrophysiological account of the neurocognitive underpinnings of effective OSM of visual-object images, including evidence for central roles of early reentrant signal disruption and insufficient visual attentional deployment.     

银川市郊蔬菜大棚种植者农药的知信行调查

目的了解银川市大棚种植者农药使用知识、态度和行为,为指导其安全、合理、有效用药提供依据。方法选择银川市郊在本地居住5年以上的非流动人口。采用整群抽样的方法,抽取某镇2个村的全部大棚种植者为调查对象,对其进行问卷调查。内容包括人员基本信息和大棚蔬菜种植者的一般资料、农药的知信行、自我症状报告3方面的情况。结果共收集到有效问卷192份,显示大棚种植者初中以下文化程度占93.8%;对国家禁用的农药知晓率仅为41.6%;喷洒农药时有53.7%的人群不采取任何措施;在对农药知识的了解和正确使用等方面都存在很大的问题。结论银川市郊大棚蔬菜种植者对于有关农药知识的知信行情况不容乐观。应开展多层次农药安全使用技术培训,进一步加强农村大棚种植者的素质,提高有关农药使用方面的知识水平。