中晚孕期超声显示鼻骨异常伴舌外伸检出唐氏综合征

目的探讨中晚孕期超声显示胎儿颜面部鼻骨异常伴伸舌辅助诊断唐氏综合征(DS)的价值。方法纳入资料完整的经胎儿系统超声筛查及羊水或脐带血染色体检查的中晚孕期孕妇5657名。观察并分析正中矢状切面胎儿鼻骨发育情况及舌尖位置,比较鼻骨异常、伸舌及鼻骨异常伴伸舌检出DS的效能。结果经染色体检查确诊49胎DS,其中鼻骨异常伴伸舌33胎、单纯鼻骨异常10胎、单纯伸舌2胎,无阳性表现4胎。根据鼻骨异常伴伸舌诊断DS的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为67.35%(33/49)、99.91%(5603/5608)、86.84%(33/38)和99.72%(5603/5619),其中阳性预测值较鼻骨异常、伸舌及鼻骨异常或伸舌明显增高(P0.0001)。结论中晚孕期颜面部正中矢状切面观察胎儿鼻骨异常和伸舌的表现,可提高DS的产前检出率。     

MRI评估胎儿神经系统畸形

目的探讨MRI诊断胎儿中枢神经系统畸形的价值及其应用指征。方法回顾性分析450例中枢神经系统畸形胎儿的超声和MRI资料,与产后诊断或尸体检查结果进行对照。结果 450例患者共检出神经系统病变594处,包括单纯侧脑室增宽99处、脑积水21处、小脑延髓池增宽59处、Dandy-Walker畸形/小脑发育不良45处、胼胝体发育不良/缺如67处、透明隔增宽6处、脑白质软化15处、室管膜下囊肿/出血30处、颅内出血26处、颅内实质性病变14处、蛛网膜囊肿60处、孔洞脑13处、脑裂14处、积水型无脑畸形3处、脑水肿1处、平滑脑4处、脑组织发育不良3处、全前脑20处、小头畸形8处、头形异常3处、开放性神经管缺陷68处、脑血管畸形5处、透明隔缺如2处、颅底凹陷症1处、枕骨大孔窄1处、囊性松果体1处、脉络丛病变5处。超声正确诊断487处,准确率81.99%(487/594),MRI正确诊断551处,准确率92.76%(551/594)。结论对于胎儿神经系统各种病变,超声和MRI各有优劣,明确MRI应用指征有助于指导合理地选择产前MRI,从而明确诊断。     

超声诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的应用分析

目的探讨分析超声检查在诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的中的应用价值。方法对1082例在本院分娩的、妊娠晚期36-41周的孕妇进行二维和彩色多普勒超声检查,观察胎儿颈部压迹深度、脐带绕颈周数,检测脐动脉S/D比值,并将产前超声诊断为脐带绕颈与产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈的病例进行对比分析。结果本组病例产前经超声检查诊断为胎儿脐带绕颈307例,产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈者311例,诊断符合率为97.7%,误诊3例,漏诊7例。47例脐动脉S/D比值〉3,存在不同程度宫内窘迫现象。结论二维超声与彩色多普勒相结合检查胎儿脐带绕颈特异性强、准确率高,且能够实时观察胎动及胎心搏动情况,是目前产前诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的最佳方法,为临床选择正确的分娩方式提供了可靠的依据。     

Pregnancy in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: seven cases report and 169 reported cases review

Objective To analyze and summarize the cases of pregnancy on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), and review the literature. Methods Seven cases of pregnancy and childbirth in patients on MHD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from Jan 2009 to Dec 2017 were analyzed, and the literature about pregnancy in patients on MHD reported in Pubmed and Web of Science database was retrieved. Both maternal and fetal outcome were studied. Results There are seven pregnant MHD patients in this center, among whom six patients went through a smooth pregnancy and one patient had intra-uterine fetal death at 14 weeks of pregnancy. The six patients had preterm labor. Among six fetuses, four grew in good health and developed well, one had physical development retardation and one had heart malformation at born. In the literature, 169 cases reported pregnant patients and 182 fetuses were evaluated, of which 145 live infants were delivered, 79.67% overall fetal survival rate, with gestational age of (32.94±3.34) weeks. In 164 delivered fetuses, 147 were preterm labor (89.63%). The weight of live births was (1824±609) g. There were no maternal deaths. Fetal survival rate was zero in＜20 weeks of gestational age, 20-24 weeks was 14.29%, 25-27 weeks was 45.45%, ≥28 weeks was 94.44%. The fetal survival rate was higher in pregnant woman receiving hemodialysis≥28 hours weekly compared to women receiving ＜16 hours weekly (92.31% vs 52.94%, P=0.02). Conclusions There are still a very high maternal and fetal complication rate in hemodialysis patients, especially in fetus. Gestational age≥28 weeks has a high fetal survival rate. Intensive dialysis during pregnancy may benefit higher fetal survival rate.     

Histogenesis of uterus in human fetuses

Introduction

The histological changes during the development of the human uterus throughout the fetal period exhibit varying cellular patterns in the lining epithelium. The present study documents these progressive changes during fetal uterine maturation.

超声诊断胎儿骶骨发育不全的研究进展

骶骨发育不全是一种罕见的先天性畸形,指2个或2个以上骶骨椎体部分或全部缺失,常合并神经、骨骼、消化道及泌尿生殖等多个系统畸形。产前准确诊断胎儿骶骨发育不全对及时治疗及判断胎儿预后至关重要。本文对骶骨发育不全的胚胎学基础、分型、产前超声诊断的研究现状及进展做一综述。     

胎儿肾积水的超声诊断及预后评价

目的探讨胎儿肾积水的产前超声诊断及其预后。方法对56例胎儿肾积水按肾盂扩张的前后径(<10mm,10~15mm,>15mm)为准,分为轻,中,重度3组,并于首次检查后l个月,两周、产前及出生后l个月,3个月,6个月,12个月,18个月,24个月进行随访复查。结果29例轻度肾积水胎儿,随访过程中有26例肾积水消失,2例肾积水减轻,1例肾积水加重;16例中度肾积水胎儿,随访过程有7例肾积水消失,1例肾积水减轻,8例肾积水加重;11例重度肾积水胎儿随访过程中均见病情加重。结论胎儿肾积水应于出生后复查以明确诊断。超声检查安全无创,能在一定程度上判断胎儿预后,具有较高的临床及社会价值。     

彩色多普勒血流显像检测妊娠高血压综合征患者及其胎儿肾动脉阻力指数的意义

本文应用CDFI检测63例妊高征治疗前、不同治疗后母体及其胎儿肾动脉血流阻力指数（RI）并计算个体间的差值百分比。结果显示：①单纯吸氧治疗后胎儿肾动脉RI下降幅度较母体肾动脉RI下降幅度大（P＜0.01），表明妊高征时胎儿肾动脉阻力增高与缺氧关系密切;②单纯解痉治疗后，母体肾动脉RI较胎儿肾动脉RI下降幅度大（P＜0.01）。表明妊高征时母体肾动脉阻力增高的主要原因是血管痉挛。     

引产后的胎儿正常肢体的体外超声检查

目的探讨胎儿正常肢体的超声检查方法和显示切面,提高产前超声对胎儿肢体正常结构的认识.方法采用连续顺序追踪超声法(SCSA)对引产后胎儿标本行模拟宫内超声检查.结果将胎儿肢体分节段按顺序进行连续扫查,可显示胎儿肢体的完整性;充足的空间和适量的羊水有利于分辨胎儿趾(指)的数目与确定足(手)姿势.结论一定条件下,二维超声可清楚显示胎儿肢体的完整性.SCSA法是胎儿肢体检查的可靠方法.     

超声对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤的诊断价值

目的提高对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤的认识,评价超声心动图在胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法男性胎儿3例,女性胎儿2例。检查仪器HP1500、2000、5500、7500型彩色多普勒超声心动仪,探头频率2.5～8MHz。以四腔心为主要切面,多切面探查肿块形态,位置,数量及与周边关系,结合彩色多普勒进行评价。结果5例胎儿超声心动图均发现心室腔内不同部位多个等回声或强回声光团。直径1.9mm×2.3mm～11.5mm×6.3mm,回声均匀,境界清晰,侵犯室间隔及室壁,部分侵及房室瓣口及左室流出道。病理诊断心脏横纹肌瘤。结论胎儿超声心动图技术可对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤准确定位,反复多切面扫查可提高诊断率。