Ⅵ区淋巴结转移状态预测颈部淋巴结阴性甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈转移的可行性探索

目的 探讨利用Ⅵ区淋巴结转移状态预测颈部淋巴结阴性（cN0期）甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈淋巴结转移的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至201 1年10月接受同侧预防性颈部淋巴结清扫（Ⅱ～Ⅴ区或Ⅱ～Ⅳ区）的73例cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,分析Ⅵ区淋巴结转移与侧颈淋巴结转移的相关性.结果 73例cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者中,侧颈淋巴结转移率为16.4％（12n3）,Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率为42.5％（31/73）,多因素分析显示Ⅵ区淋巴结转移是影响cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈淋巴结转移的独立危险因素（OR=7.3,P=0.020）.结论 Ⅵ区淋巴结转移状态用于预测cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈淋巴结转移是可行的.     

胃癌患者根治术后预后因素分析

目的 分析影响胃癌根治术后患者预后的临床病理因素,提高对胃癌的认识及治疗水平,为临床诊治提供依据.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2009年12月收治并行标准胃癌根治术的胃癌患者的临床病理资料,符合标准的581例患者共随访到179例,建立数据库用SPSS 13.0软件进行分析.结果 单因素分析表明：胃癌根治术后患者预后影响因素包括年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大直径、大体类型、组织学类型、浸润深度、TNM分期、手术方式、标本切缘和淋巴结转移个数（P＜0.05或＜0.01）;性别与预后无相关性（P＞0.05）.多因素Cox回归分析提示：TNM分期和淋巴结转移个数是影响胃癌患者预后的独立因素,其中淋巴结转移个数是影响胃癌预后最重要的因素.结论 TNM分期和淋巴结转移个数是胃癌预后的独立影响因素,其中淋巴结转移个数是胃癌预后最为重要的影响因素,因此国际抗癌联盟的淋巴结分期是胃癌预后更好的判断指标.     

子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的高危因素分析：附358例报告

目的：探讨子宫内膜癌（EC）的临床病理学特征及淋巴结转移的预测因素。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2010年4月四川大学华西第二医院妇科收治,并经术后组织病理学结果确诊为 EC 的358例患者的完整临床病历资料。其初治为系统分期手术,并进行盆腔及腹主动脉旁各组淋巴结计数。对本组EC患者进行临床病理特点分析,并进行随访,对EC盆腔淋巴结转移的可能相关因素进行统计学分析（本研究遵循的程序符合四川大学华西第二医院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象本人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书）。结果本组358例 EC 患者的中位发病年龄为52岁（20-78岁）。对本组患者的中位随访时间为18个月,其中位生存期为18个月（7-43个月）,3年总体生存（OS）率为90.1%（323/358）。本组盆腔淋巴结病理学检查结果呈阳性和呈阴性患者的3年 OS率分别为76.2%（16/21）,97.3%（327/336）,二者比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=23.423,P〈0.01）。子宫内膜样癌和非子宫内膜样癌患者的3年 OS率分别为：96.2%（306/318）与95.0%（38/40）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.478）。国际妇产科联盟（FIGO）分期不同患者的3年 OS 率分别为：Ⅰ期为97.1%（304/313）,而Ⅱ期为91.7%（11/12）;Ⅲ期为85.2%（23/27）。本组患者随访期内 EC 的相关复发率为3.9%（14/358）,死亡率为3.1%（11/358）,盆腔淋巴结转移率为5.9%（21/357）。对导致21例患者盆腔淋巴结转移的可能相关因素进行单因素 logistic 回归分析结果显示,FIGO 分期[OR=4.169,95%CI（2.693-6.454）,P=0.000],肿瘤体积（肿瘤直径〉2 cm）[OR=7.175,95%CI（2.590-19.876）,P=0.000],淋巴脉管间隙浸润（LVSI）[OR=6.277,95%CI（2.410-16.348）,P=0.000],宫体肌层浸润深度[OR=3.598,95%CI（1.651-7.841）,P=0.001]和宫旁浸润[OR=9.382,95%CI（3.349-26.284）,P=0.000]是导致 EC患者盆腔淋巴结转移的高危因素;对以上单因素 logical 回归分析结果显示,对盆腔淋巴转移有影响的因素（P〈0.05）,进行多因素非条件 logistic 回归分析结果显示,FIGO 分期[OR=3.787,95%CI （2.113-6.786）,P=0.00]是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论 FIGO 分期晚、肿瘤体积大（直径〉2 cm）、LVSI呈阳性、宫体深肌层浸润及宫旁浸润是导致 EC患者发生盆腔淋巴结转移的高危因素。其中, FIGO分期,是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。     

Occult olfactory neuroblastoma presenting with multiple bone metastases: a case report

Rationable:Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the nasal cavity, the primary local symptoms are usually inconspicuous. Patients are often admitted to various specialties based on different primary symptoms, which may result in delayed diagnosis and even a misdiagnosis.Patient concerns:Here we report a case of ONB that presented initially as multiple ostealgia without any local symptoms of the tumor and primarily misdiagnosed as multiple myeloma. The patient was a 47-year-old female with bone pain at multiple sites. The initial diagnosis was considered as multiple myeloma. However, the morphologic examination of bone marrow suggested that the tumor cells originated from the nervous tissues. After the positron emission computed tomography scan, the primary lesion in the nasal cavity was located, and a biopsy was performed.Diagnosis:The final diagnosis of ONB was confirmed by histopathological tests.Interventions:The patient was treated with metronomic chemotherapy.Outcomes:The symptoms of bone pain were significantly relieved 3 months later. The emission computed tomography scan of the whole body bones and the magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed that the tumor size did not change significantly and proved a progression-free of the disease.Lessons:It is a reasonable strategy to identify the original latent tumor by a prompt positron emission computed tomography scan when the primary diagnosis indicates a metastatic disease, especially for the occult malignancies like ONB.     

贲门腺癌组织中RKIP、E-cadherin的表达变化及相关性

目的 观察Raf激酶抑制蛋白（RKIP）、上皮型钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）在贲门腺癌组织中的表达变化,并探讨其相关性.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测160例贲门腺癌组织及癌旁非肿瘤组织中RKIP、E-cadherin的蛋白表达情况,分析其表达与临床病理参数的关系以及两者表达的相关性.结果 RKIP和E-cadherin在贲门腺癌组织中表达明显低于癌旁组织（P均＜0.05）.RKIP和E-cadherin在高分化、中分化和低分化的贲门腺癌组织中的表达差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）,在有淋巴结转移的贲门腺癌组织中表达低于无淋巴结转移的组织（P均＜0.05）.RKIP和E-cadherin在贲门腺癌组织中的表达呈正相关（r=0.388,P＜0.05）.结论 RKIP和E-cadherin 在贲门腺癌组织中表达降低,且两者表达呈正相关.     

Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs 3D cell migration

Solid tumors are characterized by high interstitial fluid pressure, which drives fluid efflux from the tumor core. Tumor-associated interstitial flow (IF) at a rate of ∼3 µm/s has been shown to induce cell migration in the upstream direction (rheotaxis). However, the molecular biophysical mechanism that underlies upstream cell polarization and rheotaxis remains unclear. We developed a microfluidic platform to investigate the effects of IF fluid stresses imparted on cells embedded within a collagen type I hydrogel, and we demonstrate that IF stresses result in a transcellular gradient in β1-integrin activation with vinculin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), FAK^PY397, F actin, and paxillin-dependent protrusion formation localizing to the upstream side of the cell, where matrix adhesions are under maximum tension. This previously unknown mechanism is the result of a force balance between fluid drag on the cell and matrix adhesion tension and is therefore a fundamental, but previously unknown, stimulus for directing cell movement within porous extracellular matrix.Integrins and associated focal adhesion (FA) proteins form a tension-sensitive mechanical link between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton, and serve as key components in the signaling cascade by which cells transduce mechanical signals into biological responses (mechanotransduction) (1, 2). Contractile stresses generated by the cell are balanced by tractions at cell–substrate adhesions, and the FA protein vinculin accumulates at regions of high substrate stress (3, 4). The FA protein paxillin colocalizes with vinculin (4) and mediates β1-integrin FA turnover through interaction with FA kinase (FAK) (5). The FAK–paxillin signaling axis recruits vinculin to β1 integrins at regions of high matrix adhesion tension (6), and paxillin—a key mechanosensor (7)—mediates protrusion formation at regions of high stress on 2D substrates (8), and FAK–paxillin–vinculin signaling is required for mechanosensing and durotaxis (9).The tumor microenvironment imparts mechanical and chemical signals on tumor and stromal cells (10), and advanced breast carcinomas are characterized by high interstitial fluid pressure (11), an indicator of poor prognosis (12). This elevated fluid pressure drives interstitial flow (IF) and alters chemical transport within the tumor (13), and IF influences tumor cell migration through the generation of autocrine chemokine gradients (14). Equally important, although not as well understood, is the physical drag imparted on the ECM and constitutive cells (15) by IF, which is analogous to the FA-activating shear stresses generated on endothelial cells by hemodynamic forces (16). With endothelial cells, shear stress can be the dominant mechanical stimulus that induces FAK activation and cytoskeletal remodeling; however, for cells embedded within a porous matrix scaffold, the ratio of the force due to the pressure drop across the cell to the total shear force is inversely proportional to hydrogel permeability (SI Appendix, Eq. S5). In this study, we recapitulate physiologically relevant IF through collagen gel within a microfluidic device. Because the permeability of the collagen I hydrogel used in this study is small (1 × 10⁻¹³ m²), the integrated pressure force is more than 30× the integrated shear force for a 20-μm-diameter cell (17) (SI Appendix, Eq. S5). To maintain static equilibrium, all fluid stresses imparted on the cell must be balanced by tension in matrix adhesions. In 2D, the adhesions balancing the fluid drag on the cell are confined to the basal cell surface, whereas in porous media, such as breast stromal ECM, matrix adhesions are distributed across the full cell surface. Consequently, maintaining static equilibrium requires greater adhesion tension on the upstream side of the cell to balance fluid stresses. From the reference frame of the cell, the effect of IF is mechanically equivalent to applying a net outward force at matrix adhesions on the upstream side of the cell, similar to the net tensile stresses applied by use of optical tweezers to study the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction (4, 18).Here, we demonstrate that the forces required to balance drag imparted on the cell by IF induce a transcellular gradient in matrix adhesion tension, and the tensile stresses at the upstream side of the cell induce FA reorganization and polarization of FA-plaque proteins including vinculin, paxillin, FAK, FAK^PY397, and α-actinin. FA polarization leads to paxillin-dependent actin localization, the formation of protrusions upstream, and rheotaxis. Consistent with the governing mechanism of durotaxis on 2D substrates, this 3D mechanotransduction occurs through FAK and requires paxillin. Importantly, silencing paxillin does not affect cell migration speed but does attenuate rheotaxis. IF is present in many tissues in vivo (19), and because FA polarization and rheotaxis result from a mechanical force balance, this 3D mechanotransduction mechanism may be fundamental to all cells embedded within porous ECM.     

肺癌细胞与组织中miR-100、miR-148a的表达变化及临床意义

目的：观察微小RNA 100（miR-100）、微小RNA 148a（miR-148a）在肺癌细胞与组织中的表达,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用RT-PCR方法检测人肺癌细胞系NCI-H1299、NCI-H358、H460、A549及人正常支气管上皮细胞系HBE,以及肺癌及其癌旁组织中miR-100、miR-148a表达;分析肺癌组织中miR-100、miR-148a表达与其临床病理参数的关系。结果与HBE细胞相比,miR-100在NCI-H1299、NCI-H358及A549细胞中表达升高,在H460细胞表达降低,P均＜0．05;miR-148a在NCI-H358、H460细胞中表达升高,在A549细胞中表达降低,P均＜0．05。与癌旁组织相比,肺癌组织中miR-100表达降低,但差异无统计学意义（P＝0．400）;miR-148a表达升高（P＝0．036）。肺癌组织中miR-100、miR-148a表达水平与患者性别、年龄、病理类型无关;有淋巴结转移者肺癌组织中miR-100表达水平较无淋巴结转移者低（P＝0．016）。结论 miR-100、miR-148a在肺癌细胞中表达异常;在肺癌组织中,miR-100表达降低,miR-148a表达增加,二者可能参与肺癌的发生、发展。     

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the left atrium

Metastatic tumors to the heart usually involve right sided chambers. We report a rare case of malignant phyllodes tumor of breast with metastatic involvement of left atrium occurring through direct invasion from mediastinal micro-metastasis and presenting as a left atrial mass causing arrhythmia.     

乏氧和低糖条件下低表达ESE3促进胰腺癌细胞的侵袭

目的 观察乏氧和低糖条件下胰腺癌细胞中上皮特异性ETS转录因子3（ESE3）表达的变化及其对胰腺癌细胞侵袭能力的影响。方法 收集在天津医科大学肿瘤医院2005年1月—2014年10月期间行根治性手术治疗的99例胰腺癌患者的胰腺癌组织和16例邻近正常胰腺组织标本。采用免疫组化法分析癌组织和邻近正常胰腺组织中ESE3的表达水平,探究其表达水平与胰腺癌患者生存预后间的关系;进一步在TCGA数据库中分析ESE3的mRNA 表达水平与147例胰腺癌患者的临床病理学特征间的关系;构建胰腺癌细胞PANC-1过表达ESE3稳定转染细胞系并验证;Transwell法探究过表达ESE3的胰腺癌细胞侵袭能力的变化;利用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测乏氧和低糖条件下胰腺癌细胞中乏氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）和ESE3蛋白表达水平的变化。结果 胰腺癌组织中ESE3的表达量明显低于正常胰腺组织,ESE3的低表达与患者总生存期（OS）和无复发生存期（DFS）缩短密切相关（均P＜0.05）。TCGA数据库分析表明ESE3表达高低与肿瘤转移相关（P＜0.05）;在乏氧和低糖条件下胰腺癌细胞侵袭能力增强,ESE3的表达降低,HIF-1α与GRP78的表达增加（P＜0.05）。结论 在乏氧和低糖条件下,胰腺癌细胞中ESE3的表达降低,促进胰腺癌细胞的侵袭。     

Engineered nanomedicine for myeloma and bone microenvironment targeting

Bone is a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth and a frequent destination for metastatic cancer cells. Targeting cancers within the bone marrow remains a crucial oncologic challenge due to issues of drug availability and microenvironment-induced resistance. Herein, we engineered bone-homing polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for spatiotemporally controlled delivery of therapeutics to bone, which diminish off-target effects and increase local drug concentrations. The NPs consist of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and bisphosphonate (or alendronate, a targeting ligand). The engineered NPs were formulated by blending varying ratios of the synthesized polymers: PLGA-b-PEG and alendronate-conjugated polymer PLGA-b-PEG-Ald, which ensured long circulation and targeting capabilities, respectively. The bone-binding ability of Ald-PEG-PLGA NPs was investigated by hydroxyapatite binding assays and ex vivo imaging of adherence to bone fragments. In vivo biodistribution of fluorescently labeled NPs showed higher retention, accumulation, and bone homing of targeted Ald-PEG-PLGA NPs, compared with nontargeted PEG-PLGA NPs. A library of bortezomib-loaded NPs (bone-targeted Ald-Bort-NPs and nontargeted Bort-NPs) were developed and screened for optimal physiochemical properties, drug loading, and release profiles. Ald-Bort-NPs were tested for efficacy in mouse models of multiple myeloma (MM). Results demonstrated significantly enhanced survival and decreased tumor burden in mice pretreated with Ald-Bort-NPs versus Ald-Empty-NPs (no drug) or the free drug. We also observed that bortezomib, as a pretreatment regimen, modified the bone microenvironment and enhanced bone strength and volume. Our findings suggest that NP-based anticancer therapies with bone-targeting specificity comprise a clinically relevant method of drug delivery that can inhibit tumor progression in MM.The incidence of bone metastasis is common in 60–80% of cancer patients (1). During bone metastasis, cancer cells induce a sequence of changes in the microenvironment such as secreting cytokines to increase the activity of osteoclasts via the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), resulting in increased bone resorption and secretion of growth factors from the bone matrix (2). This creates a “vicious cycle” of bone metastasis, where bone marrow becomes packed with cancer cells that develop resistance to conventional chemotherapy, and leads to devastating consequences of bone fractures, pain, hypercalcaemia, and spinal cord and nerve compression syndromes (2, 3). Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer that proliferates primarily in bone marrow and causes osteolytic lesions (1). Antiresorption agents, such as bisphosphonates, may alleviate bone pain, but they are ineffective at inducing bone healing or osteogenesis in MM patients (4).Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that has shown marked antitumor effects in patients with MM. Proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib, are also effective at increasing bone formation, both preclinically and clinically (5–9). However, the major drawback of bortezomib use in early stages of MM development is its toxicity, specifically, peripheral neuropathy (5). Therefore, we aimed to develop a method to deliver bortezomib with decreased off-target side effects by using bone-specific, bortezomib-loaded nanoparticles (NPs). The NP system was based on biodegradable, biocompatible, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved components, which are both clinically and translationally relevant. NPs derived from poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a controlled release polymer system, are an excellent choice because their safety in the clinic is well established (10, 11). Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized PLGA NPs are especially desirable as PEGylated polymeric NPs have significantly reduced systemic clearance compared with similar particles without PEG (12, 13). A number of FDA-approved drugs in clinical practice use PEG for improved pharmaceutical properties such as enhanced circulation in vivo (12, 13). To target NPs to bone [rich in the mineral hydroxyapatite (HA)], the calcium ion-chelating molecules of bisphosphonates represent a promising class of ligands (14). Bisphosphonates, upon systemic administration, are found to deposit in bone tissue, preferentially at the high bone turnover sites, such as the metastatic bone lesions, with minimal nonspecific accumulation (14) and were used herein to deliver NPs to the bone.A few systems explored for MM treatment have been tested in vitro including the following: (i) snake venom and silica NPs (15); (ii) thymoquinone and PLGA-based particles (16); (iii) curcumin and poly(oxyethylene) cholesteryl ether (PEG-Chol) NPs (17), polyethylenimine-based NPs for RNAi in MM (18), paclitaxel-Fe₃O₄ NPs (19), and liposomes (20). However, none of the above-mentioned systems have aimed to manipulate the bone marrow microenvironment rather than the myeloma cells directly (21). To date, there are no reports of using bone-targeted, controlled release, polymeric NPs with stealth properties for MM therapy. In this study, we designed NPs bearing three main components: (i) a targeting element that can selectively bind to bone mineral; (ii) a layer of stealth (PEG) to minimize immune recognition and enhance circulation; and (iii) a biodegradable polymeric material, forming an inner core, that can deliver therapeutics and/or diagnostics in a controlled manner. In this study, the physicochemical properties of a range of NPs was investigated (including NP size, charge, targeting ligand density, drug loading, and drug release kinetics) and an optimal formulation with ideal properties and maximal drug encapsulation was used for in vivo efficacy studies. We fine-tuned the NP targeting ligand density to optimize its bone-binding ability and further investigated its application for targeting myeloma in the bone microenvironment. We believe our NP system has the potential to increase drug availability by improving pharmacokinetics and biodistribution that can provide bone microenvironment specificity, which may increase the therapeutic window and most certainly decrease the off-target effects (12, 13).