临床试验的伦理审查:招募受试者

招募合格的受试者在临床试验过程中是至关重要的,而且可能是最困难、最富有挑战性的工作。受试者招募的伦理审查主要包括招募的方式,受试人群的选择与激励补偿措施。招募方式必须考虑尊重隐私与自愿参加的原则,避免强迫和不正当影响。受试人群的选择必须考虑受益和负担公平分担和试验人群的代表性问题。对受试者参加试验的激励补偿必须考虑合理补偿与避免过度劝诱的问题。     

Gender in medical ethics: Re-examining the conceptual basis of empirical research

Conducting empirical research on gender in medical ethics is a challenge from a theoretical as well as a practical point of view. It still has to be clarified how gender aspects can be integrated without sustaining gender stereotypes. The developmental psychologist Carol Gilligan was among the first to question ethics from a gendered point of view. The notion of care introduced by her challenged conventional developmental psychology as well as moral philosophy. Gilligan was criticised, however, because her concept of two different voices may reinforce gender stereotypes. Moreover, although Gilligan stressed relatedness, this is not reflected in her own empirical approach, which still focuses on individual moral reflection. Concepts from social psychology can help overcome both problems. Social categories like gender shape moral identity and moral decisions. If morality is understood as being lived through actions of persons in social relationships, gender becomes a helpful category of moral analysis. Our findings will provide a conceptual basis for the question how empirical research in medical ethics can successfully embrace a gendered perspective.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

完善医学实验动物伦理教育浅谈

动物实验在医学教育中具有十分重要的意义,然而国内在医学生培养过程中对实验相关的动物伦理与动物福利等方面的问题教育不足。国内医学院校应从完善知识体系和改进教学方式两个方面增强动物伦理教育。     

当前医学生德育教育途径存在的问题及成因

医学生德育教育是培养德才兼备的高等医学人才的重要内容。对于有效的医学生德育教育途径的研究和探索具有重大的现实意义。当前高等医学院校的德育教育途径虽然进行了一些改进,但仍然存在诸多问题,集中表现在显性德育途径以及隐性的德育途径两个方面,究其成因是多种因素共同作用的结果。因此,在实践中应该从这些方面入手进行改进,从而提高医学生德育培育的实效性。     

学校性教育的内容与途径探析

性教育在我国有悠久的历史,但是不论内容还是形式仍然存在较大缺失和偏差。性教育是学校的重要职责,学校性教育除了性生理、性保健教育之外,还应当关注性文化、性权利、性心理、性伦理、性美学、性法律等教育,使学生能够接受全面性教育,促进学生的健康成长。     

试述我国器官移植的伦理原则

我国器官移植虽然起步较晚，但发展较快。目前，人体器官捐献者与受体的比例相差悬殊，供体的严重匮乏是制约我国器官移植工作开展的重要原因。文章从伦理学角度，就器官移植中的现实问题进行了探讨。     

论诚信是构建和谐社会及和谐医疗的基础

从社会发展的角度对诚信的科学内涵和本质、和谐社会的涵义与要求、诚信与和谐之间在社会生活的具体体现及相互作用等方面进行了重新思考和认识,然后从诚信品德的培养、诚信制度的建设、政府诚信的建设、社会诚信体系和失信约束惩罚机制等角度对诚信实现的途径提出建议.     

急危症死亡和消耗性疾病死亡的伦理研究

选择急危症在急症科死亡的病例和恶性消耗性疾病引起死亡病例的伦理现象进行临床研究，结果表明：急危症死亡和临终抢救要远比恶性消耗性疾病引起的死亡的病例要多，而且急危死亡给患者家属所造成的精神痛苦远比恶性消耗性疾病引起死亡的精神痛苦要大。     

实施研究伦理和发表伦理,促进规范研究、规范出版和规范转化——中国临床试验注册和发表协作网第二次声明背景文件

随着世界卫生组织(WHO)、Cochrane协作网(CC)等共同推进临床试验和系统评价注册制度的实施与发展以及研究伦理学和出版技术的进步,医学研究伦理和发表伦理日益受到关注。2006年中国临床试验注册与发表协作网(ChiCTRPC)成立并发表第一次声明,在中国推行临床试验注册制度;2010年ChiCTRPC召开第二次会议,提出临床试验注册建立伦理审查制,并赋予发表伦理新内涵。本文在ChiCTRPC第三次会议充分交流并达成共识的基础上,总结2006年ChiCTRPC第一次声明发布后5年的经验与教训,结合研究伦理、发表伦理、临床试验和系统评价注册的最新进展,发布ChiCTRPC第二次声明背景文件,以期实施研究伦理和发表伦理,促进规范研究、规范出版和规范转化。     

Patent Evaluation: Novel Quinolines as Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists

Summary

Novelty: N-Substituted-2-aminoquinolines are disclosed which are said to exhibit acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist activity and show selectivity for the M₁ receptor subtype. These compounds are potentially useful for amelioration of the cholinergic deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.

Biology: Competition binding experiments, which were conducted in rat cerebral cortex membranes against the M₁ selective antagonists pirenzepine (and the M₂ selective quinuclidinyl benzylate), showed IC₅₀ values of between 0.21-50 μM, with M₂/M₁ ratios in the range 10-90. The compounds were able to reverse scopolamine-induced hyperactivity and memory deficits at doses of 30-45 mg/kg ip.

Chemistry: Synthesis of the compounds employs conventional methods and are exemplified in thirteen cases. A preferred example of the claim is 4-methyl-N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)-propyl]-2-quinolinamine.

Structure: