临床药师工作评价初探综述

随着我国医疗机构临床药师队伍的不断壮大，其在医疗服务中发挥着越来越重要的作用，对其工作进行绩效考核也是当今医疗领域的重要内容。以现有文献为基础，对国内外临床药师绩效考核体系进行分析，发现现有体系可分为为基于临床药师职责、基于临床药师业务流程、国外临床药师绩效考核体系三个方面；通过结合医疗机构的实际情况对现有绩效考核体系进行分析，发现存在考核指标和标准确定困难、考核难以做到实时性和延续性等问题，并针对这些问题提出清晰职责定位、重视临床药师价值体现等修改说明。     

替考拉宁在中国成人患者中的群体药动学研究

目的建立中国成年患者的替考拉宁(teicoplanin,TEC)群体药动学(population pharmacokinetics,PPK)模型,考察TEC药动学参数的影响因素。方法前瞻性收集139例革兰阳性球菌感染患者静脉注射TEC后的222份常规监测血药浓度和相关信息,采用一级消除的一室模型进行数据拟合,并应用非线性混合效应模型(nonlinear mixed effect model,NONMEM)程序建立PPK模型。采用Bootstrap、正态预测分布误差法(normalized predictive distribution error,NPDE)进行最终模型评价。利用蒙特卡洛模拟法对给药方案进行优化。结果确定了肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance,CLcr)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)为影响TEC清除率的主要因素。最终模型为:CL(L·h^-1)=1.24×(CLcr/77)0.564×31/ALB;V(L)=69.2。验证表明,模型稳定、有效,且有较好的预测效能。对于不同ALB和CLcr的多数患者起始负荷剂量400 mg/q12h,iv,3次,维持剂量400~800 mg·d^-1的给药方案可达有效治疗谷浓度。严重感染者需调整负荷剂量至800 mg/q12h,iv,3次,维持剂量400~800 mg·d^-1的给药方案来确保血药浓度达到15 mg·L^-1以上。结论本实验报道了CLcr、ALB对TEC清除率有显著影响,所建模型对TEC在中国成人患者中实现个体化给药具有重要应用价值。     

Heterogeneity in amount of growth factors secreted by platelets in platelet-rich plasma samples from alopecia patients

Platelet α-granules release growth factors (GFs) that promote healing and tissue regeneration. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is shown to be beneficial in treating alopecia, and however, clinical response can be inconsistent. Due to several fold enrichment of platelets secreting large quantities of GFs following PRP injections, heterogeneity in amounts of GFs secreted by platelets may contribute to inconsistent clinical responses. Herein, we evaluated factors that could potentially contribute to heterogeneous secretion of GFs by platelets. We measured platelet secretion of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in aliquots of de-identified PRP samples from female patients undergoing therapy in the hair disease clinic. Although secretion of GFs by platelets was comparable in PRP samples of patients with non-cicatricial and cicatricial alopecia, a Shapiro-Wilk test for normal distribution indicated significant variability across all patient samples. The amount of GF secreted by platelets was comparable when PRP prepared from two FDA-cleared devices with distinct techniques were compared. We provide evidence of platelets secreting heterogeneous amounts of GFs within each sample as high and low secretion of random factors could be simultaneously detected. These results suggest inherent heterogeneity in secretion of GFs by platelets in patient samples that are not influenced by the device used to prepare PRP. Since some GFs could have antagonistic effects on hair growth, a balance between amounts of growth promoting and inhibiting factors may be crucial in determining clinical response to PRP therapy.     

C.B‐17 SCID mice develop epicardial calcinosis with unaltered cardiac function

Inbred mouse strains are the most widely used mammalian model organism in biomedical research owing to ease of genetic manipulation and short lifespan; however, each inbred strain possesses a unique repertoire of deleterious homozygous alleles that can make a specific strain more susceptible to a particular disease. In the current study, we report dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) in C.B‐17 SCID male mice at 10 weeks of age with no significant change in cardiac function. Acquisition of DCC was characterized by myocardial injury, fibrosis, calcification, and necrosis of the tissue. At 10 weeks of age, 38% of the C.B‐17 SCID mice from two different commercial colonies exhibited significant calcinosis on the ventricular epicardium, predominantly on the right ventricle. The frequency of calcinosis was more than 50% for mice obtained from Taconic's Cambridge City colony and 25% for mice obtained from Taconic's German Town colony. Interestingly, the DCC phenotype did not affect cardiac function at 10 weeks of age. No differences in echocardiography or electrocardiography were observed between the calcinotic and non‐calcinotic mice from either colony. Our findings suggest that C.B‐17 SCID mice exhibit DCC as early as 10 weeks of age with no significant impact on cardiac function. This strain of mice should be cautiously considered for the study of cardiac physiology.     

复方番石榴制剂治疗超重肥胖2型糖尿病的疗效分析

【目的】评价复方番石榴制剂治疗超重肥胖2型糖尿病的临床疗效。【方法】将120例超重肥胖2型糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各60例,治疗组给予口服二甲双胍肠溶片及复方番石榴制剂治疗,对照组给予口服二甲双胍肠溶片治疗,疗程均为12周。观察2组治疗前后腰围(WC)、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(P2hBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)等的变化情况,评估复方番石榴制剂的临床疗效。【结果】(1)中医证候总疗效:治疗后,治疗组的总有效率为95.00%,优于对照组的70.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(2)治疗后,治疗组的WC和BMI均较治疗前显著下降(P0.01),而对照组均无明显下降(P0.05),治疗组对WC和BMI的下降作用均优于对照组(P0.05)。(3)治疗后,2组FBG、P2hBG、HbA1c、TC、TG、FFA水平均较治疗前显著改善(P0.05),且治疗组对上述各项指标的改善作用均优于对照组(P0.05)。(4)安全性评价:除治疗组有3例患者出现轻度的胃部不适感,未予特殊处理后自行缓解外,其余患者均未发现不良反应。【结论】复方番石榴制剂联合二甲双胍治疗超重肥胖2型糖尿病,疗效确切,可有效降糖、降脂、减肥及改善中医证候。     

工作坊模式在护生压疮护理带教中的应用效果分析

目的探讨工作坊模式在护生压疮护理带教中的应用效果,为临床护理带教提供参考。方法选取2018年7月—2019年6月在医院实习的120名护生作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各60名护生。对照组采用传统带教法进行压疮培训,观察组采用工作坊教学模式进行培训。培训结束后比较两组护生压疮知识的掌握程度即理论考核、技能操作成绩,教学效果满意度。结果观察组护生对压疮知识的掌握程度即理论考核成绩、技能操作考核成绩远远高于对照组,两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。95%的观察组护生对工作坊教学模式的效果表示满意,认为工作坊教学模式能够提高学习的兴趣、主动性和临床实践能力,对临床工作有很大帮助。结论工作坊教学模式应用于压疮护理的临床带教,能让护生亲身体验压疮护理的过程,并参与其中,将理论与实践相结合,更好地活跃课堂气氛,启发护生思考,提高护生对压疮理论和技能的掌握,为临床实际工作中压疮护理质量的提高奠定基础。     

新生儿高胆红素血症的临床治疗分析

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌散治疗对新生儿高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法在2018年1月—2019年1月期间,将医院诊治的110例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿纳入研究对象,按照治疗方法的不同,将患儿分成两组,采用常规蓝光照射治疗的患儿定为对照组,55例,在蓝光治疗基础上增加布拉氏酵母菌散治疗的患儿定为观察组,55例,对比两组患儿治疗的临床效果。结果观察组和对照组治疗的有效率分别为98.18%和87.27%,有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后3 d和1周,两组患儿的胆红素水平明显下降,且观察组患儿下降更加明显,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿黄疸消退时间为(5.12±1.21)d,对照组患儿黄疸消退时间为(7.21±1.22)d,有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为5.45%,明显低于对照组的12.73%,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对新生儿高胆红素血症患儿在常规蓝光治疗的基础上增加布拉氏酵母菌散进行治疗,可以显著提高临床治疗效果。     

急诊住院医师的教学查房模式

教学查房是床旁教学的一种重要手段,对住院医师进行教学查房能够有效提高住院医师的岗位胜任力和职业能力,培养急诊住院医师的急诊临床思维。近年来由于国家住院医师规范化培训改革在不断深入,对急诊住院医师的教学查房引起了人们的高度关注,然后在实际的急诊住院医师的教学查房中却还存在着诸多问题,教学查房与日常的临床查房概念混淆、教学查房准备不充分、教学查房目的不明确以及教学查房的互动性不强都严重影响了教学查房的质量。因此需要积极探究急诊住院医师的教学查房的有效模式,从而不断提升住院医师的临床实践能力。