生姜水提物对血管性痴呆模型大鼠的影响

目的 探讨生姜水提物对血管性痴呆(VD)的治疗作用与机制.方法 SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型对照组,尼莫地平组,生姜水提物高、中、低剂量组.采用反复结扎与开放双侧颈总动脉的方法复制VD模型,Morris水迷宫定位航行实验和空间探索实验测定大鼠空间学习记忆能力,光化学比色法测定大脑皮质和纹状体乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、SOD活性和MDA含量.结果 与假手术组比较,VD对照组大鼠morris空间学习记忆能力和纹状体AChE活性明显降低,皮质AChE活性无明显变化;脑组织SOD活性和MDA含量分别有降低和升高的趋势,但无统计学意义.生姜水提物能明显提高VD大鼠morris定位航行能力和空间搜索能力;显著提高纹状体AChE活性,与模型对照组及石杉碱甲组比较均有显著性差异.对皮质AChE活性无明显影响;生姜高剂量能明显降低MDA含量,升高SOD/MDA比值.结论 生姜具有提高血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的作用,作用机制与提高胆碱能神经功能和抑制胆碱酯酶活性有关.     

Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on DNA damage and development of urothelial tumors in a mouse bladder carcinogenesis model

Extracts of the spice ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) are rich in gingerols and shogaols, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimycobacterial, and anticarcinogenic proprieties. The present study evaluated the chemoprotective effects of a ginger extract on the DNA damage and the development of bladder cancer induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxibutyl) nitrosamine (BBN)/N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in male Swiss mice. Groups G1-G3 were given 0.05% BBN in drinking water for 18 weeks and four i.p. injections of 30 mg/kg body weight MNU at 1, 3, 10, and 18 weeks. Group G4 and G5 received only the BBN or MNU treatments, respectively, and groups G6 and G7 were not treated with BBN or MNU. Additionally, Groups G2, G3, and G6 were fed diets containing 1, 2, and 2% ginger extract, respectively, while Groups G1, G4, G5, and G7 were fed basal diet. Samples of peripheral blood were collected during the experiment for genotoxicity analysis; blood collected 4 hr after each MNU dose was used for the analysis of DNA damage with the Comet assay (assay performed on leukocytes from all groups), while reticulocytes collected 24 hr after the last MNU treatment of Groups G5-G7 were used for the micronucleus assay. At the end of the experiment, the urinary bladder was removed, fixed, and prepared for histopathological, cell proliferation, and apoptosis evaluations. Ginger by itself was not genotoxic, and it did not alter the DNA damage levels induced by the BBN/MNU treatment during the course of the exposure. The incidence and multiplicity of simple and nodular hyperplasia and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were increased by the BBN/MNU treatment, but dietary ginger had no significant effect on these responses. However, in Group G2 (BBN/MNU/2% ginger-treated group), there was an increased incidence of Grade 2 TCC. The results suggest that ginger extract does not inhibit the development of BBN-induced mouse bladder tumors.     

Aqueous extract of ginger shows antiproliferative activity through disruption of microtubule network of cancer cells

Ginger has a long history of use as traditional medicine for varied human disease. Our present study has shown that the aqueous extract of ginger (GAE) interacts directly with cellular microtubules and disrupts its structure and induces apoptosis of cancer cells as well. The IC₅₀ values of GAE, as determined from cell viability experiment on human non-small lung epithelium cancer (A549) cells and human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa), were 239.4 + 7.4 and 253.4 + 8.9 μg/ml, respectively. It has been found that the apoptosis of A549 cells by GAE is mediated by up regulation of tumor suppressor gene p53 and alteration of the normal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio followed by down regulation of cellular pro-caspase3. The morphological change of cells upon GAE treatment has also been demonstrated. Both the structural and functional properties of tubulin and microtubule were lost, as confirmed by both ex vivo and invitro experiments. The major component of GAE is poly-phenols (around 2.5%), which consist of ∼80% flavones and flavonols. Poly-phenolic compounds are well known to have anti-mitotic properties, and may be further screened for the development of a potential anti-cancer agent.     

Hepatoprotective Effect of Methanol Extracts of Zingiber officinale and Cichorium intybus

The present work was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of ginger, chicory and their mixture against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in rats. Carbon tetrachloride treatment significantly elevated the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase activities and the serum triglycerides and cholesterol concentration as compared to control group. It also increased RBCs counts and Hb concentration, total or differential leucocytes counts. However it decreased platelet counts, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, platelet larger cell ratio. Methanol extract of ginger (250 and 500 mg/kg) and chicory (250 and 500 mg/kg) given alone or mixed (1:1 wt/wt) significantly restored the carbon tetrachloride-induced alterations in the biochemical and cellular constituents of blood. No toxic symptoms were reported in doses up to 5 g/kg. Alkaloids and/or nitrogenous bases, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes are the main active constituents of their methanol extract. The hepatoprotective effect of ginger and chicory was also confirmed by the histopathological examination of liver tissue.     

附子干姜不同药对配伍提取物对小鼠脾细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察四逆汤组方附子和干姜的不同药对配伍提取物对小鼠脾细胞增殖的影响。方法:附子(F)分别与葱白(B)、甘草(C)、猪胆汁(D)、干姜(G)、人参(R)配伍和G分别与B、C、D、R配伍的乙醚、氯仿、水提取物为研究对象,采用小鼠脾细胞为实验模型,MTT法测定细胞内线粒体脱氢酶活性。结果:与对照组比较,乙醚提取物中与附子配伍的FB、FC、FD、FG、FR组均有刺激脾细胞增殖作用(P<0.05,P<0.01),与干姜配伍中只有GR组有刺激脾细胞增殖作用(P<0.05)。氯仿提取物中FG、FR组有刺激脾细胞增殖作用(P<0.05,P<0.01)且刺激作用强于F组(P<0.05)。水提取物中与附子配伍的各组均有刺激脾细胞增殖作用(P<0.05,P<0.01),与干姜配伍各组刺激作用较弱(P<0.05),且FB、FC、FG、FR组刺激作用强于F组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:与附子配伍的药对提取物活性较强,与干姜配伍活性较弱,体现出附子配伍的君药作用。与附子配伍的氯仿、水提取物活性强于附子,揭示药对配伍增效作用。     

不同隔姜灸治时间对慢性浅表性胃炎脾胃虚寒证患者血清中SOD和MDA的影响

目的:探讨隔姜灸不同灸治时间对慢性浅表性胃炎脾胃虚寒证患者血清中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的影响。方法:将45例浅表性胃炎脾胃虚寒证患者随机分为隔姜灸20 min组(A组)15例、隔姜灸40 min组(B组)15例、雷尼替丁组(C组)15例。治疗组每天隔姜灸1次,10 d为1个疗程,疗程间休息1 d,共治疗2个疗程;对照组服用雷尼替丁每次0.15 g,1 d 2次,连续服药10 d为1个疗程,疗程间休息1 d,共服药2个疗程。于实验治疗前、治疗后分别抽血取血清检测SOD,MDA的含量,以此观察隔姜灸的疗效及对SOD和MDA的影响。结果:①3组的SOD含量:在各组治疗后与其治疗前比较均有显著性差异。B组治疗前后SOD含量的增加,与A,C两组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。②3组的MDA含量:在各组治疗后与其治疗前比较均有显著性差异。但组间比较,各组治疗前后MDA含量没有显著性差异。结论:隔姜灸与雷尼替丁均能使血清中抗氧化酶SOD活性升高而自由基MDA水平降低,且隔姜灸40min提高SOD水平效果显著,明显高于隔姜灸20 min和雷尼替丁对SOD的作用。证明隔姜灸对浅表性胃炎脾胃虚寒证患者氧自由基产生与清除的酶系统具有良性调节作用,隔姜灸治疗浅表性胃炎脾胃虚寒证取效可能与此机制有关。     

四逆泡腾片中挥发油提取及包合工艺

目的:研究四逆泡腾片中干姜油的提取及其β-环糊精包合的最佳工艺.方法:运用正交试验考察加水倍量、浸泡时间、蒸馏时间对挥发油提取量的影响;对胶体磨法、饱和水溶液法、超声法进行比较试验,以挥发油包合率、包合物收得率和包合物含油率为综合评价指标,选择最佳包合方法;采用正交试验法优选胶体磨法的最佳包合工艺,并对包合物进行验证.结果:最佳提取工艺为药材不浸泡、加6倍量水、蒸馏8h;胶体磨法的最佳包合工艺为挥发油与β-环糊精按(1 mL:8 g)投料、包合时间45 min,加水量80 mL.结论:胶体磨法包合干姜挥发油,工艺简单、可行,适合工业化大生产.     

正交设计用于干姜中6-姜酚提取优化的研究

目的探讨正交设计对干姜提取方法优化的作用,并建立相应的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法（HPLC-DAD）含量测定方法。方法色谱条件：Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18柱（4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5μm）;流动相∶甲醇-水（60∶40）;检测波长：282 nm;流速：1.0 ml/min;柱温：25℃;进样量：10μl。以6-姜酚的含量为指标,对固液比例、浸泡时间和超声时间等因素进行优化,分析试验结果,并进行验证试验。结果通过数据处理并结合实际情况,确定干姜中6-姜酚的最优提取条件为：加60倍量甲醇,浸泡40 min,超声处理45 min,平均含量为0.62%。结论正交设计可以较为简便、准确地优化选择干姜中6-姜酚的提取条件,为干姜中不挥发性成分的研究提供帮助。     

Improving the therapeutic efficiency of ginger extract for treatment of colon cancer using a suitably designed multiparticulate system

Abstract

Ginger extract (GE), a potential natural anticancer agent, has compromised therapeutic utilization due to poor bioavailability and physicochemical properties. Present study aimed at assigning GE with a pharmaceutical couture so as to improve its biopharmaceutical performance by monitoring its localized (though prolonged) delivery in the distal parts of gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of colon cancer. Alginate beads entrapping 85.9?±?1.78% GE were subjected to Eudragit S100 coating. Latter is insoluble at acidic and near neutral (6.8) pH of stomach and upper part of small intestine and it led to 50% retardation (upto 12?h) in release of GE. However, it was solubilised at pH?>?7.0 resulting in colon targeted system. Developed beads were free flowing, showed a particle size of 0.9?±?0.006?mm and super class-II release controlled by swelling and polymer relaxation. Preclinical evaluation using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer, in male Wistar rats, in terms of histopathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial complex activity, β-glucuronidase and ammonia concentration determinations indicated GE loaded beads (50?mg/kg) to be significantly better (p?<?0.05) than free GE. Highlight of the study was that GE loaded coated alginate beads were administered after the induction of colon cancer and significant recession of the cancers was observed after 4 weeks of treatment.