Small round and spindle cell sarcoma with neuronal differentiation and oncocyte-like features of the thoracic wall: A case report with histological,immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations

A case of small round and spindle cell sarcoma with neuronal differentiation and oncocyte-like features is presented. The tumor was encountered in a 32 year old Japanese woman with an initial presentation of palpable tumor in the left lateral region of the thorax. The resected tumor was a partially well encapsulated whitish medullary one and consisted of small round and spindle tumor cells, together with so-called rhabdoid cells in the small round cell area. Although pseudorosettes were often observed, true rosette formation could not be detected anywhere. Ultrastructurally, despite a histologic variety of tumor cells, most tumor cells possessed numerous mitochondria, some of which occasionally contained abnormal filamentous or crystalloid structures. Various amounts of microfilaments were present in most tumor cells and microtubules were present in a few. A minority of small round cells possessed a small number of neurosecretory granules, especially in short cytoplasmic processes. A positive immunoreaction for neuron specific enolase was found by immunohistochemical examination in several small round tumor cells and for neurofilaments in lesser numbers. Despite the lack of S-100 protein, MB2 was detected in both small round and spindle cells. On the basis of these findings, the tumor of the present case corresponds to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with neuronal differentiation and oncocytic features.     

脑震荡对大鼠多巴胺能神经元及神经纤维的影响

目的：探讨脑震荡(BC)鼠多巴胺能神经元和神经纤维内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)含量的变化。方法：用金属单摆打击装置复制 BC 模型。动物随机分为对照组和伤后1～24 d 损伤组；用免疫组织化学结合图像分析方法研究 BC 后中脑黑质致密区(SNC)和腹侧被盖区(VTA)多巴胺能神经元及基底节尾壳核多巴胺能神经纤维 TH 含量的变化。结果：在 SNC 和 VTA 及基底节,BC 后1、4、8及16 d 组的 TH 免疫反应阳性明显高于对照组,其中以4d 组反应最强,24 d 组在 SNC 和基底节与对照组比较无显著性差异,但在 VTA,TH 免疫反应阳性仍高于对照组。结论：BC 后 TH 早期增高可能是脑损伤神经元过度兴奋的反应,随后持续增高一段时间可能是多巴胺能神经元上调其合成能力的一种代偿反应。     

Distribution of the largest neuron in mouse caudate-putamen nucleus: Its position in large-cell — Medium-cell clusters

Summary The position of the largest striatal neuron within territories delimited by medium-sized clustered neurons was charted in Nissl-stained sections through the mouse caudate-putamen nucleus. Medium-sized neuron somata occur in close proximity to this large cell at some point in the anteroposterior, mediolateral or dorsoventral extent of its soma. The size of the network of medium-sized neurons associated with the large cell may vary from two to 15 neurons. Even when this network is extensive, the large neuron is never completely surrounded. Most often, this cell also borders a fascicle of internal capsule fibers, and the entire cellular island may be aligned either parallel to or perpendicular to the orientation of these fibers. These findings suggest the hypothesis that cellular territories in the caudate-putamen nucleus have a very specific orientation in three dimensional space.     

脊髓损伤后神经修复过程中的细胞微环境北大核心

背景:以往的研究显示单一改变脊髓损伤区域某一基因表达或者某一细胞的状态,对脊髓损伤后功能恢复无显著影响,而大量证据表明调控脊髓损伤后紊乱的细胞微环境是神经功能恢复的关键因素。目的:对脊髓损伤前后细胞微环境的生物学特性,包括多种细胞之间的相互调控以及细胞外组分对损伤神经修复的作用和机制进行综述。方法:由第一作者检索PubMed及Web of Science数据库,英文检索词为“spinal cord injury,glial cell,neuron,immune cell,neural stem cell,extracellular matrix,cytokine,extracellular vesicle,regeneration”。文献检索的时间范围为2000年1月至2021年12月,最终筛选出64篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:①脊髓损伤后,在细胞微环境的细胞组分中,占比最高的胶质细胞间的相互作用,以及与神经元的相互调控作用最为关键。②在脊髓损伤后的细胞外组分中,利用生物相容性良好的水凝胶模仿天然细胞外基质,可有效模拟和重建损伤区域内的细胞微环境,促进轴突伸长。③在脊髓损伤后的细胞外调节因子中,促炎因子如肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β等加剧了细胞微环境的炎症反应,应用受体抑制剂或阻断相关通路抑制上述促炎因子的表达是一种有效的治疗方法,同时在脊髓微环境中增加白细胞介素10等抗炎因子的表达,抑制损伤区域炎症发展的研究也陆续出现。④最近被重视起来的细胞外囊泡作为传递信息的载体在细胞微环境中也发挥了重要作用。⑤文章揭示了脊髓损伤后细胞微环境中的包括细胞组分和细胞外组分之间的多组相互调控关系,证实了细胞微环境中各组分之间所发挥的神经修复作用并不是孤立的。     

衰老时海马神经元树突的可塑性增生

用形态计量的方法对老年(30个月)和成年(17个月)大鼠脑(Golgi染色标本)的海马CA3区锥体细胞的树突分支进行分级计数和测量了终末支的长度。结果是CA3神经元基树突和顶树突共有9级分支,衰老时第4级和第9级分支有显著的增多(P<0.02,P<0.03)。基树突终末支的长度衰老时无明显改变,顶树突终末支长度较成年组增加(P<0.05)。提示衰老时海马神经元的树突仍具有一定的增生和分化能力。这可能是对神经元退变的一种代偿机制。     

Localization of two cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the central nervous system of the rat: in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) are proteins that are required for cholinergic neurotransmission. Present knowledge concerning the organization of cholinergic structures has been derived primarily from immunohistochemistry for ChAT. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of mRNAs and the corresponding proteins for ChAT and VAChT by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The patterns of distribution of perikarya containing ChAT mRNA, ChAT protein, VAChT mRNA and VAChT protein were similar in most regions, and co-localization in the same neuron of mRNAs for ChAT and VAChT, that of ChAT mRNA and ChAT protein, and that of VAChT mRNA and VAChT protein were demonstrated. However, in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, ChAT-immunoreactive perikarya were present, but they did not contain mRNAs for ChAT and VAChT, and VAChT protein. On the other hand, in the cerebellum, Purkinje cell bodies contained VAChT mRNA and VAChT protein, but they did not contain either ChAT mRNA or ChAT protein. Axon bundles were clearly revealed by immunohistochemistry for ChAT, but they were not detected by that for VAChT. Both ChAT and VAChT antibodies revealed preterminal axons and terminal-like structures. In the forebrain, they were present in the olfactory bulb, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, olfactory tubercle, lateral septal nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus, neocortex, caudate-putamen, thalamus and median eminence of the hypothalamus. In the brainstem, they were localized in the superior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus and some cranial nerve motor nuclei, and further in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These results indicate strongly that ChAT and VAChT are expressed in most of the cholinergic neurons, and that immunohistochemistry for VAChT is as useful to detect cholinergic terminal fields as that for ChAT.     

补阳还五汤对红核脊髓束横断后神经元的保护作用

目的:探讨补阳还五汤(BYHWD)对红核脊髓束横断后神经元保护作用的影响。方法:雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组:1.正常组;2.实验组:C3-4右侧红核脊髓束横断后灌服补阳还五汤;3.对照组:C3-4右侧红核脊髓束横断后灌服蒸馏水;用FG逆行示踪定位红核脊髓束神经元在红核的分布。动物存活8周后,Nissl染色计数红核脊髓束神经元并计算其平均截面积。结果:红核神经元的数目和平均截面积实验组分别减少了22%和35%,对照组分别减少了42%和64%。结论:BYHWT不仅提高了轴突横断后红核神经元的存活率,还对其萎缩有抑制作用。     

高压、高压氧对小鼠大脑酶活性的影响——组织化学研究

本文研究高压和高压氧对小鼠大脑碱性磷酸酶等6种酶的活性影响。30只小鼠随机分为空白对照组、高压组和高压氧组。高压组动物置于加压舱内,高压氧组动物置于同一加压舱中的小套舱内,分别给予5ATA的空气和纯氧,停留37分钟。高压处理结束,按组织化学要求取材、固定、切片和酶活性反应。实验结果表明:高压氧可致动物小痉挛;高压环境对动物机体无明显刺激影响;高压氧使碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G-6-P)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性增强,高压环境使上述4种酶活性略有增强,和空白对照组比差别不明显。高压和高压氧使单胺氧化酶(MAO)和过氧化物酶活性略有降低。本文对高压氧环境导致机体行为变化和6种酶活性改变的意义作了讨论。