关于血液透析机维护和管理中需要注重的问题

随着医疗卫生事业的飞速发展，大量高科技电子设备不断涌现，是技术密集．知识密集、资金密集的产品，而血液透析机无论是国产还是进口的设备，（进口占比侧大），均属高科技机电一体化医电产品，并且采用微机技术．自检报警功能多，操作相对复杂，而不同产地（不同型号其操作方法和日常维护方法也不同着重阐述了透析机供电和透析掖的配制和血液透析机的维护与保养和维修。     

超声检测血透患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及血流动力学分析

目的超声检测维持性血透（MHD）患者颈动脉动脉粥样硬化情况并分析其血流动力学参数与影响因素。方法75例MHD患者。采用高频B超检测其颈动脉粥样硬化斑块情况及血流动力学参数，并记录临床及生化数据，按斑块有无分为阳性组和阴性组。对两组各数据进行比较，并对斑块产生的各危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果MHD患者颈动脉斑块发生率为49．33％。好发于颈总动脉窦部及主干。与斑块阴性组患者相比，阳性组患者颈总动脉内径增大（P=0．013）、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）明显增厚（P〈0．001）。血流动力学参数分析提示舒张末期血流速度（Ved）明显降低（P=0．001），阻力指数（RI）明显升高（P=0．004），搏动指数（PI）升高（P=0．037），剪切率（SR）降低（P=0．023）。两组年龄、收缩压、血浆前白蛋白、血磷水平均有显著差异（P均〈0．01）。斑块阳性组的KT／V值低于阴性组（P=0.021）。Logistic多元回归分析结果提示高收缩压（β=0．097，P=0．037）和高血磷水平（β=2．800，P=0．049）是颈动脉斑块发生的主要危险因素。结论MHD患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块产生与高收缩压和高血磷密切相关，其血流动力学基础特征在于血流阻力增加导致血流流速减慢，剪切应力降低。     

长期静脉补铁改善血液透析患者肾性贫血的作用

目的探讨血液透析患者长期静脉补铁改善肾性贫血的效果以及对促红细胞生成素(EPO)作用的影响。方法选择56例病情稳定的血液透析患者随机分成两组:静脉组和口服组,各28例,疗程6个月。静脉组:于每次透析时补给100mg右旋糖酐铁,共10次,然后每2周给予维持量100mg。口服组:前3个月口服硫酸亚铁525mg/d,后3个月停服,按上述方法改用静脉补铁。比较两组贫血治疗效果、铁代谢和生化指标的变化、EPO用量以及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后静脉组血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白饱合度(TSAT)进行性升高,3个月后80%以上的患者贫血得到纠正,EPO用量较基数减少约28%。口服组治疗3个月时,Hb和Hct增幅不大,而SF和TSAT则逐月降低;第4个月起改用静脉补铁后,SF、TSAT很快升高,贫血迅速得到改善,EPO用量开始明显减少。结论长期静脉补铁不仅能及时有效地改善血液透析患者的贫血,减少EPO用量,而且经济、安全。     

Bilateral Lower Extremity Sequential Compression Devices (SCDs): A Novel Approach to the Management of Intra-Dialytic Hypotension in the Outpatient Setting—Report of a Case Series

Intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH) affects as many as 15–50% of patients during hemodialysis. Several treatment approaches and preventative methods are available. These therapeutic options are often ineffective and cumbersome, and some of the causative factors such as poor cardiac reserve are commonly not amenable to any therapy. Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP) is increasingly being utilized by cardiology services as an adjunct to the long-term management of chronic congestive heart failure as well as in the management of otherwise refractory angina. EECP works by mechanistically improving venous return, enhancing peripheral resistance, and ultimately improving the cardiac index. We speculated that bilateral lower extremity sequential compression devices (SCDs), commonly used in the inpatient setting for DVT prophylaxis, could indeed serve as mini-EECP devices. We carried out an outpatient pilot study of its use to prevent IDH in three patients who otherwise had failed other treatment approaches. The SCDs were effective, convenient, and safe. We were able to achieve ultrafiltration (UF) goals of 1–3 kg during hemodialysis sessions in all three patients, consistently, for months, a feat that was not possible previously. This novel modality of managing IDH is complementary to other standard therapies. Larger multi-center studies are warranted.     

Apoptosis of Peripheral CD4+ T-Lymphocytes in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Under Hemodialysis and rhEPO Therapies

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) under hemodialyses (HD) is related with a higher propensity to infections, essentially due to T-cell lymphopenia. We postulated that HD procedure affects CD4⁺ T cells, especially by inducing apoptotic death and that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy may also play an important role in the modulation of the immune system in these patients. T-cell phenotype and apoptosis of HD patients and healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry using anticoagulated whole-blood samples. In 12 HD patients, these parameters were also analyzed before and immediately after HD procedure. HD patients showed a decrease in total circulating CD3⁺ lymphocytes, especially in CD4⁺ T cells (0.747 ± 0.410 vs. 0.941 ± 0.216 × 10⁹/L, p < 0.05), which could be a consequence of the higher proportion of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ lymphocytes in the latest stage of apoptosis (or death) and of the higher proportion of apoptotic CD4⁺ T cells observed in the patients immediately after HD procedure (2.91 ± 0.780 vs. 3.90 ± 1.96, p < 0.05). A positive and statistically significant correlation between CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ lymphocytes in latest stage of apoptosis (or death) with HD time was found (CD3⁺: r = 0.592, p < 0.01; CD4⁺: r = 0.501, p < 0.01). We also found a negative and significant correlation between weekly rhEPO doses and the number of CD4⁺ T cells (r = –0.358, p < 0.05). In conclusion, HD procedure still contributes to the development of T-cell lymphopenia, at least in part, by apoptosis induction. It was also shown that rhEPO therapy is associated with the CD4⁺ T-cell decline, possibly by immune modulation, eliminating atypical cells and helping to restore the CD4⁺ T-cell subset.     

Olmesartan Medoxomil Treatment Is Associated with Decreased Plasma B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients on Hemodialysis

Background. High levels of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are associated with cardiac heart failure and death among patients on hemodialysis (HD). A recent study has demonstrated that the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker lowers BNP concentrations. Here, we examined whether the ability of olmesartan medoxomil (OM; a novel angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) to decrease plasma BNP levels is concentration dependent in hypertensive patients on HD. Methods. This preliminary, observational, open-labeled prospective study included 24 patients on HD who were assigned to one group treated with OM (n = 14) or to an age-matched control group that was conventionally treated (n = 10). Blood pressure (BP) was monitored in the morning and evening of a non-HD day and before each HD session, and plasma BNP, plasma aldosterone (PAC), plasma active renin (PARC), and OM concentrations were measured at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. Results. Plasma BNP levels were significantly decreased in the OM group, but remained unchanged in the control group after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Compared with the control group, OM was associated with increased PARC and decreased PAC levels. The OM concentrations at 4 and 8 weeks significantly correlated with depressed plasma BNP levels in accordance with multiple regression analysis adjusted for confounders including BP. Conclusion. These results suggest that OM can help to decrease plasma BNP levels via a concentration-dependent effect in patients on HD.     

针刺联合苓桂术甘汤对维持性血液透析患者口渴的影响

目的:探究针刺联合苓桂术甘汤对维持性血液透析(Maintenance Hemodialysis, MHD)患者口渴的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年1月郑州市中医院收治的MHD口渴患者106例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机法分为对照组和观察组,每组53例。对照组采用常规西医治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用针刺联合苓桂术甘汤治疗,均治疗4周。观察2组治疗前后血液学、唾液生化、分泌功能、神经肽、相关评分、刺激唾液量及疗效变化。结果:1)治疗后2组尿素氮、血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素、尿素下降率、尿素清除指数、标准化蛋白分解率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2)治疗后2组酸碱度(pH)、唾液流率指数、Na~+/K~+、神经降压素(Neurotensin, NT)、刺激唾液量比值较治疗前均升高,Na~+、K~+、瘦素(Leptin)、血清神经肽Y(NeuropeptideY,NPY)、口渴强度评分、口腔干燥评分、口渴视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3)治疗后观察组临床痊愈率、临床有效率均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:针刺联合苓桂术甘汤能改善MHD患者唾液分泌功能,提高神经肽,从而改善口渴。     

Ziltivekimab for Treatment of Anemia of Inflammation in Patients on Hemodialysis: Results from a Phase 1/2 Multicenter,Randomized, Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial

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