几味常用中药材非药用部位或混淆品入药现象分析

目的:防止中药材非药用部位或混淆品入药。方法:对钩藤、远志、蝉蜕、茜草、皂荚刺的正伪品性状、理化性状及药效进行鉴别。结果:非药用部位的药效差于正品或者药效相反,混淆品一般无药用价值甚至有毒副作用。结论:非药用部位或混淆品入药会严重影响中药的药效,甚至危害患者。     

椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者支架置入与药物治疗的疗效比较

目的观察比较重度椎动脉起始部狭窄患者支架置人治疗的疗效是否优于单纯药物治疗。方法选择127例椎动脉起始部重度狭窄（≥70％）的患者,分为支架置入组52例和药物治疗组75例,比较两组患者再发后循环缺血事件的随访结果。两组患者平均随访（18．3±10．9）个月。结果支架置入组再次发生后循环缺血事件1例（1．9％）,药物治疗组再次发生后循环缺血事件14例（18．6％）。结论椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者支架置入治疗疗效优于药物治疗。     

持续缓慢选择性与单纯血浆置换治疗高胆红素血症

目的探讨持续缓慢选择性血浆置换（CPPE）和单纯血浆置换（SPE）治疗高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法分析71例（139例次）接受CPPE的患者（CPPE组）治疗前、治疗结束时及治疗后48h时血清清蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLO）、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）及总胆红素（TBIL）的变化情况,并与36例（79例次）接受SPE的患者（SPE组）做比较。结果①同治疗前相比,2组患者治疗结束时及治疗结束48h时血PTA值均明显升高（P均〈0．01）,但2组问比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;②同治疗前比较,CPPE组治疗结束时及治疗后48h时血清ALB、GLO差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而SPE组则明显减少（P均〈0．01）;③同治疗前比较,2组治疗结束时TBIL下降幅度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但同治疗结束时比,CPPE组治疗结束48h时血TBIL上升幅度为22．91％±12．50％,而SPE组为39．30％±25．42％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;@CPPE组患者临床治愈好转率为59．16％（42／71）,高于SPE组的38．89％（14／36）,差异有统计学意义（x^2=3．933,P〈0．05）。结论CPPE治疗高胆红素血症时,可减少新鲜冰冻血浆的用量,减少血清ALB、GLO、纤维蛋白原及凝血因子等有益物质的丢失,延缓治疗后血清TBIL反弹的幅度和速度,提高高胆红素血症患者临床治愈好转率。因此,CPPE是治疗高胆红素血症有效且安全的方法。     

Radiation from CT scans in paediatric trauma patients: Indications,effective dose,and impact on surgical decisions

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose of radiation due to computed tomography (CT) scans in paediatric trauma patients at a level 1 Canadian paediatric trauma centre. We also explored the indications and actions taken as a result of these scans.

Patients and methods

We performed a retrospective review of paediatric trauma patients presenting to our centre from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008. All CT scans performed during the initial trauma resuscitation, hospital stay, and 6 months afterwards were included. Effective dose was calculated using the reported dose length product for each scan and conversion factors specific for body region and age of the patient.

Results

157 paediatric trauma patients were identified during the 2-year study period. Mean Injury Severity Score was 22.5 (range 12–75). 133 patients received at least one CT scan. The mean number of scans per patient was 2.6 (range 0–16). Most scans resulted in no further action (56%) or additional imaging (32%). A decision to perform a procedure (2%), surgery (8%), or withdrawal of life support (2%) was less common. The average dose per patient was 13.5 mSv, which is 4.5 times the background radiation compared to the general population. CT head was the most commonly performed type of scan and was most likely to be repeated. CT body, defined as a scan of the chest, abdomen, and/or pelvis, was associated with the highest effective dose.

Conclusions

CT is a significant source of radiation in paediatric trauma patients. Clinicians should carefully consider the indications for each scan, especially when performing non-resuscitation scans. There is a need for evidence-based treatment algorithms to assist clinicians in selecting appropriate imaging for patients with severe multisystem trauma.     

上颈部非腺源性包块临床诊疗分析

目的分析上颈部非腺源性包块的临床治疗效果,探讨其分布类型及最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析76例上颈部非腺源性包块患者的临床资料,分析其治疗效果。结果76例上颈部非腺源性包块中,良性肿瘤25例,恶性肿瘤19例,非肿瘤性疾病32例。良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤以手术切除为主。非肿瘤性疾病则根据病变性质采取手术切除或药物对症治疗。结论上颈部非腺源性包块涵盖的疾病较为复杂,治疗应根据病变性质、位置及范围综合考虑,选择最佳治疗方案。     

河南省CT检查所致受检者剂量调查与分析

目的研究河南省CT检查所致儿童和成人受检者的剂量水平,探讨其影响因素,为制定我国和地区CT诊断参考(指导)水平提供基础资料。方法采用分层配额抽样方法选取河南省7个地市31台CT共计1113例受检者主要检查类型进行剂量调查,调查内容包括受检者和设备基本信息、扫描参数、相关剂量学信息等,通过剂量转换系数估算其所致典型有效剂量。结果头部常规CT扫描中,0~1岁、>1~5岁、>5~10岁、>10~15岁组儿童CTDIw的75%分位值分别为32.2、37.2、43.0、46.7 mGy,DLP的75%分位值分别为478.0、572.0、715.6、743.9 mGy·cm,有效剂量分别为5.26、3.83、2.86、2.38 mSv;在胸部常规扫描中,0~1岁、>1~5岁、>5~10岁、>10~15岁组儿童CTDIw的75%分位值均为9.3 mGy,DLP的75%分位值分别为141.7、178.8、224.0、238.7 mGy·cm,有效剂量分别为5.53、4.64、4.03、3.10 mSv。CT检查所致成人受检者头部、胸部、腹部CTDIw的75%分位值分别为57.4、16.2、19.4 mGy,DLP的75%分位值分别为818.3、504.7和571.1 mGy·cm,有效剂量分别为1.72、7.07和8.57 mSv。结论随着河南省CT设备的更新,检查技术的日益进步以及CT应用频度的快速增长,医疗机构应恰当选取CT各类检查的扫描参数,加强其影像质量及其所致剂量的优化匹配研究,完善CT诊断参考(指导)水平,尤其是对射线敏感的儿童应尽快建立诊断参考(指导)水平,推动CT检查医疗照射防护最优化。     

Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma: Clinical Presentation,Treatment and Outcome in a Series of 19 Patients

Background

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue tumor that usually affects young patients. Because of the rarity of the disease, most reports relating to ASPS are in the form of case reports or small series.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the clinicopathologic features, treatment, outcome and pattern of treatment failure in a consecutive series of patients with localized or metastatic ASPS between 1996 and 2011. Demographics, tumor sizes, sites and extent of disease, treatments provided, progression-free survival, and overall survival were evaluated.

Results

A total of 19 patients were identified. The clinical assumptive diagnosis of the first medical examination doctor was benign soft tissue tumor in 5 cases (26%) and benign hemangioma in 4 cases (21%), delaying treatment. The most common location of primary tumor was the thigh. The median diameter of the mass was 55 mm (range, 10 to 130 mm). An R0 resection was obtained in 11 cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered in 8 cases; postoperative systemic chemotherapy was delivered in 10 cases. Eight out of 15 patients (53%) exhibited metastases either at presentation or later. Median overall follow-up was 54 months.

Conclusions

The treatment principle for alveolar soft tissue sarcoma is massive resection, and when the surgical margin is questionable, radiation treatment can be added for prevention of local recurrence. Also, due to discovery of metastases and local recurrence, even after 5 years of general treatment, outpatient department follow-up is needed, and we need to keep in mind that lung, intracranial, and bone metastases are common.     

Malignant melanotic Xp11 neoplasms exhibit a clinicopathologic spectrum and gene expression profiling akin to alveolar soft part sarcoma: a proposal for reclassification

The classification of the distinct group of mesenchymal neoplasms, first described as ‘Xp11 translocation perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa)’ and for which the term ‘melanotic Xp11 neoplasm’ or ‘Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation’ has recently been proposed, remains challenging and controversial. We collected 27 melanotic Xp11 neoplasms, the largest series to date, for a comprehensive evaluation. Fourteen of the cases, together with eight alveolar soft part sarcomas (ASPS), nine conventional PEComas and a control group of seven normal tissues were submitted to RNA sequencing. Follow-up available in 22 patients showed 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival of 47.6 and 35.7%, respectively, which were similar to ASPS and significantly worse than conventional PEComa. Univariate analysis of location (occurring in the kidney versus not kidney), infiltrative growth pattern, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic activity ≥2/50 high-power fields (HPF), necrosis and lymphovascular invasion were found to be associated with overall survival and/or disease-free survival. Multivariate analysis identified that location was the only factor found to independently correlate with disease-free survival. More importantly, RNA sequencing-based clustering analysis segregated melanotic Xp11 neoplasm and ASPS from other tumors, including conventional PEComa and Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma, and formed a compact cluster representative of the largely similar expression signature. Here we clearly define the true biologic nature of melanotic Xp11 neoplasms which are distinctive malignant mesenchymal tumors, rather than simply PEComa variants with occasionally unpredictable behavior. Meanwhile, melanotic Xp11 neoplasm and ASPS more likely represent phenotypic variants of the same entity, which is distinct from conventional PEComa and Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma. Based on these important findings, melanotic Xp11 neoplasm might be reclassified into a distinctive entity together with ASPS, independent from PEComa, in future revisions of the current WHO categories of tumors of soft tissue and bone for the improved reclassification. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.