Effects of unilateral electrical stimulation of various thalamic nuclei on the release of dopamine from dendrites and nerve terminals of neurons of the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways

The role of several motor and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the regulation of dopamine release from terminals and dendrites of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was investigated in halothane-anaesthetized cats. For this purpose, the effects of the unilateral electrical stimulation of various thalamic nuclei on the release of newly synthesized [3H]dopamine were simultaneously determined in both substantiae nigrae and caudate nuclei using the push-pull cannula method. The electrical stimulation of the motor nuclei was the only one to induce asymmetric changes in the four structures since [3H]dopamine release was enhanced in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and reduced in the contralateral structure while opposite responses were observed in the corresponding substantiae nigrae. A reduction of [3H]dopamine release occurred in the four structures or only in the contralateral substantia nigra and caudate nucleus following the stimulation of the parafascicularis nucleus and the adjacent posterior part of the nucleus centrum medianum or of the nucleus centralis lateralis and the adjacent paralaminar part of the nucleus medialis dorsalis, respectively. The stimulation of the anterior part of the nucleus centrum medianum, which in contrast to other thalamic nuclei examined, receives few nigral inputs, selectively enhanced [3H]dopamine release in the contralateral substantia nigra. No significant changes in [3H]dopamine release were seen either in the substantiae nigrae or in the caudate nuclei following the stimulation of midline thalamic nuclei. These results indicate that the motor and intralaminar thalamic nuclei exert multiple and selective influences on the release of dopamine from terminals and/or dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons. They also further support a role of thalamic nuclei in the transfer of information from one substantia nigra to the contralateral dopaminergic neurons. The possible involvement of connections between paired thalamic nuclei was underlined by the observations of evoked potentials in contralateral homologous nuclei following unilateral stimulation of motor, or some intralaminar, nuclei. The present report provides new insights on the mechanisms contributing to the reciprocal and/or bilateral regulations of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways.     

Gas transport during high-frequency ventilation: Theoretical model and experimental validation

We present a theoretical model of gas transport through the dead space during high-frequency ventilation (HFV) with volumes less than dead space volume. The analysis is based on the axial distribution of transit times of gas moving through the dead space. The model predicts that for tidal volumes (V) much less than dead space (V_d), gas exchange will be proportional to the product of frequency (f) and V². If gas transport is analyzed in terms of Fick's law, then the effective diffusion coefficient (D_eff) can be shown to be equal to fV² times a constant, whose value equals the square of the coefficient of dispersion of axial transit times through the dead space . Experimental results in straight tubes fit the predictions of this model quite well. A through the entire dead space of about 30% is more than sufficient to account for gas exchange during HFV in physical models or in intact animals. An axial dispersion of this magnitude can be measured directly from a typical Fowler dead space determination in healthy subjects.     

输精管精索部的应用解剖

目的：为输精管结扎术、吻合术的临床应用提供形态学基础。方法：选用３０具成人男性尸体对输精管精索部进行了解剖学观测。结果：输精管精索部位于精索后方，睾丸动脉位于中央，静脉位于最前方，生殖股神经生殖支位于输精管精索部外侧。输精管精索部长左侧７．６±２．９（５０～１１．３）ｃｍ；右侧７．３±３．２（５．２～１１．０）ｃｍ。其内径左、右侧均为０．６±０．１（０．４～０．８）ｍｍ。经统计学处理（Ｐ＞０．０５）左右侧均无显著性差异。结论：在输精管结扎术、吻合术手术时应注意保护输精管外侧的生殖股神经生殖支、输精管精索部管径小、壁厚、吻合成功率高。因管径小、术后不宜安放支架，以免术后引起管腔阻塞。     

Status of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: a study based on paired tumor and nontumor liver tissues

To investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA status in the liver when hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has developed, 35 paired nontumorous and tumorous liver tissues from 27 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-seropositive and 8 HBsAg-negative patients with HCC were studied by Southern blot analysis. The hybridization patterns of HBV DNA were different in the nontumor and tumor parts in 26 (96.3%) of the 27 HBsAg-positive patients. In the nontumor parts, integration of HBV DNA into the host genome was significantly less when compared to the tumor parts (15/27 vs. 25/27, P less than 0.05), whereas free replicative viral forms were significantly more frequent (17/27 vs. 7/27). The integrated HBV DNA in the nontumor parts showed discrete band patterns in the majority of cases (13/15). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was significantly associated with the expression of free replicative forms of HBV DNA in the tumor tissues. An integrated HBV DNA sequence was detected in the tumor part of one HBsAg-negative patient, but not in her nontumor counterpart. Our observation that discrete integrated HBV DNAs are present in the nontumor part, representing subclinical clonal expansion that precedes the development of HCC, suggests the risk of future new tumor growth from these cell clones.     

Crystal-Deficient Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma

Classically, ultrastructural examination of alveolar soft part sarcoma reveals large, dramatic, rhomboid to needlelike crystals with a characteristic substructure. In this study of four cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma, only two exhibited large crystals, which were rare. All four cases, however, exhibited round, electron-dense granules, and in the two cases without large crystals these granules rarely exhibited elongation with the characteristic substructure of alveolar soft part sarcoma that permits definitive diagnosis. Two of these cases had been previously studied at other institutions, where crystals were not identified ultrastructurally and electron microscopy was considered noncontributory. Large crystals, then, may be rare or absent in alveolar soft part sarcoma. Careful search may be necessary to find granules with the characteristic periodic substructure.     

科技期刊提升学术服务能力的方法及实践——以《中国电机工程学报》为例

【目的】 在全面推进“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”实施的背景下,探索科技期刊提升学术服务能力的有效方法。通过提升卓越期刊的学术服务能力,使其为科技创新及学术交流提供多元化的支撑。【方法】 以《中国电机工程学报》为例,采用方法创新与实践相结合的形式,对提升学术服务能力的方法进行深入挖掘并积极开展实践。【结果】 根据不同的期刊服务对象有针对性地实施新举措,使得期刊学术服务的深度及广度不断延伸,服务能力显著提升。【结论】 培养卓越的学术服务能力是“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”资助期刊建设的重要内容。采用有效的方法可以使期刊学术服务能力得到快速提升,所提出的方法及办刊实践可为同行提供参考与借鉴。     

新疆某铀矿山周边食品放射性核素监测与分析

目的 了解新疆某铀矿山周边食品的放射性水平,补充新疆食品放射性核素基线数据库,分析放射性核素含量,估算居民由膳食摄入所致内照射剂量。方法 2018—2020年采集食品样品6类71份,用高纯锗γ能谱仪对感兴趣核素²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的比活度进行测量、统计、分析,并对其所致居民年有效剂量进行估算。结果 2018—2020年食品样品中均未检出核素²³⁸U,其余放射性核素的平均活度浓度和检出率分别为²³²Th：0.428 ±0.038 Bq/kg（18.3%）、²²⁶Ra：0.477 ±0.063 Bq/kg（38%）、⁴⁰K：162 ±7 Bq/kg（100%）、¹³⁷Cs：0.071 ±0.011 Bq/kg（29.6%）,居民因食品放射性核素所致年有效剂量约为0.198 mSv。结论 新疆某含铀矿山周边食品的放射性水平在国家标准限值以内,居民因膳食所致年平均有效剂量与(UNSCEAR)2000年报告相符合,食品样品中检出的人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的含量不会对居民健康造成危害。     

股骨上端松质骨拉伸应力松弛及蠕变的实验研究

目的研究正常国人新鲜尸体股骨上端松质骨的拉伸粘弹性力学性质,为临床提供生物力学参数。方法对股上端松质骨试样纵向进行拉伸应力松弛及蠕变实验。得到股骨上端松质骨纵向的应力松弛及蠕变数据和曲线。对实验数据进行归一化处理。结果分别用对数、指数一元回归分析的方法处理数据,得出了归一化应力松弛、归一化蠕变函数及曲线。结论股骨上端松质骨拉伸应力松弛7200s应力松弛量为0.422MPa,7200s蠕变量为0.784%。     

经皮穿刺封堵室间隔膜部缺损的应用解剖

目的:为经皮穿刺室间隔膜部缺损的封堵术提供应用解剖学基础。方法:解剖测量38例(男25.女13)正常成年人的心标本的室间隔膜部及周围结构。结果:室间隔膜部的形态可分为三角型、圆型和椭圆型;各型的出现率分别为58％(22例)、23.7％(9例)和18.3％(7例)。室间隔膜部在左室面的高度为(8.79±2.27)mm。右室面高度为(6.43±1.43)mm。室间隔膜部的长度为(9.37±2.52)mm。室间隔膜部上、下、前、后方和中点的厚度分别为(0.80±0.19)mm、(0.70±0.16)mm、(0.78±0.28)mm、(0.75±0.1 5)mm和(0.52±0.13)mm。结论:室间隔膜部以三角型为主,多位于室上嵴的后缘,膜部的左室面高于右室而和靠近右室面,建议封堵器的左室面的面积应大于右室面。