Traumatic Memories: Empirical Foundations, Forensic and Clinical Implications

This article reviews empirical research on memories for negative personal experiences among adults. It examines basic concepts (including neural underpinnings), theoretical models of the affect-memory relationship, and data from three sources: victims or witnesses to crimes and atrocities, "flashbulb memories" for traumatic events, and laboratory simulations of shocking experiences. Evidence suggests that memories for traumatic experiences contain more central than peripheral detail, are reasonably accurate and well-retained for very long periods, but are not completely indelible. Assertions of eyewitness memory's vulnerability to change through suggestion have overstated the evidence. Forensic and clinical implications are discussed and a plea issued for more study of the memory phenomena that characterize posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are the focus of trauma survivors' treatment.     

大学生感觉寻求人格特征与脑电诱发电位的关系

目的:研究大学生感觉寻求人格特征与脑电诱发电位的相关性.方法:测试大学生感觉寻求及MMPI人格特征,分析长潜伏期听觉诱发电位与感觉寻求人格特征的相关性,寻找感觉寻求人格特征的生物学标志,并进一步探讨感觉寻求人格特征的生物学基础.结果:1.高、低感觉寻求组轻躁狂(t=3.1)以及抑郁(t=3.62)分量表得分具有显著性差异(P均＜0.01),高感觉寻求组的抑郁得分较低,轻躁狂得分较高,而低感觉寻求组则与之相反.2.高感觉寻求者具有快速习惯化的特点(tc2=2.4,tc3=2.6,tc4=2.5,P均＜0.05).结论:1.感觉寻求人格特征呈现极端形式者(低或高)可能容易出现与抑郁、轻躁狂相关的精神问题.2.与强度依赖性相比,快速习惯化现象可能是高感觉寻求者的一个更加显著的电生理标志.     

戴维斯在线认知问卷在538名医学生中的试用

目的:建立戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版,并测试其信度和效度。方法:538名学生完成了戴维斯在线认知问卷,统计分析量表的信度和效度,并进行验证性因子分析。结果:戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版内部一致性系数为0.937,重测信度为0.905;验证性因子分析表明,各条目对4个一阶因子的标准负荷系数在0.423~0.814之间,4个一阶因子对上一级潜在因子的标准负荷系数在0.741~0.971之间;整体模式的适配度指标均符合心理测量学要求(RMSEA=0.012,GFI=0.943,NFI=0.931,CFI=0.994)。结论:戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为一种较好的网络成瘾程度评价工具在我国青少年中使用。     

对Bem性别角色量表的考察与修订

目的：对在性别角色研究中使用得最为广泛的工具-Bem量表进行介绍，考察它在中国文化下的信、效度并进行修订。方法：选取两个城市三所大学中的340名本科生为被试。经过项目分析、因素分析等统计方法，对构成量表的条目进行删除和保留。结果：最后由14项男性化条目和12项女性化条目构成新的Bem量表简本。结论：修订后的Bem量表在信、效度上有了明显的提高，可以成为进一步研究的工具。     

A Developmental Event-Related Potential Study of Picture Matching in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Replication and Extension

Event-related potentials were recorded in a developmental study of picture matching using an adaptation of Posner's (1978) letter-matching tasks. Subjects ranging in age from 6-39 were asked to decide whether two line drawings, presented sequentially, were the same or different on the basis of physical (physical identity), nominal (name identity), or categorical (category identity) criteria. The amplitude of a negativity at 400 ms (Neg400) increased as the number of dimensions on which the two line drawings differed increased. This effect held for all age groups, and was interpreted as reflecting the degree of semantic and/or physical relationship between the two pictures. However, one finding for Neg400 did suggest a qualitative difference in processing mode between the younger and older subjects. Both Neg400 and P3b latencies showed highly significant linear age trends, decreasing with increasing age. These age-related changes were interpreted as demonstrating quantitative speed of processing differences among age groups. The latencies of both Neg400 and P3b increased as the matching criteria became more complex. Moreover, P3b latency increased as the number of dimensions on which the two pictures differed increased, and this did not interact with age. Although both Neg400 and P3b showed age-related changes in scalp distribution, the fact that each was related to the experimental variables in similar fashion in all age groups suggested that they were homologous components across the age range studied. Taken as a whole, the data support continuity of information processing during these tasks across a wide age range.     

认识领悟疗法治疗对人恐惧症

目的 探讨认识领悟疗法对对人恐惧症的治疗作用.方法 按照钟友彬教授认识领悟疗法的原理、方法和步骤,对来访者实施认识领悟治疗.结果 来访者的恐惧症状在治疗后消失.结论 使用认识领悟疗法治疗对人恐惧症有效.     

简明心境量表(BPOMS)的初步修订

目的 :修订并检验简明心境量表 (BPOMS)的信度和效度。方法 :对 886名大学生实施该量表 ,并对其中 74人间隔 9天评定重测信度。随机抽取 87名门诊初诊神经症患者进行BPOMS、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表 (SAS)的测查 ,评定效标效度。选取 87名年龄、性别和文化与病例组相匹配的正常个体为对照组填写BPOMS ,评定区分效度。结果 :BPOMS的重测信度系数在 0 40 6～ 0 664之间 ,α系数在0 70 5～ 0 890之间 ,具有较满意的信度。原量表共有 6个维度 ,本研究对BPOMS进行因素分析后提取了 5个维度 ,仍能够合理地解释该量表的结构。修订后BPOMS的“抑郁”维度与SDS、“紧张”维度与SAS的相关系数分别为 0 60 5和 0 60 2 (P <0 0 1) ,神经症组与对照组在BPOMS和各维度的得分均有显著性的差异 (P<0 0 1) ,说明BPOMS有良好的区分效度和效标效度。结论 :该量表具有良好的信效度 ,是测量个体心境状态简便易行的工具。     

青年士兵心理状况调查

目的 研究探讨青年士兵不平衡心理的特点及其规律,为加强青年士兵心理疏导和行为引导提供参考.方法 对济南军区某部939名青年士兵进行心理问卷调查、召开座谈会和个别交谈等.结果 在青年士兵中几乎每个人都不同程度有过不平衡的心理体验及反应.结论 加强对青年士兵不平衡心理的疏导与调节,有助于培养其健全的人格和健康的心理.     

非言语型学习障碍儿童社会信息加工的特点

目的: 探讨非言语型学习障碍儿童社会信息加工特点.方法: 本研究为病例对照研究.根据确定学习障碍儿童的标准,先确定学习障碍儿童,然后对学习障碍儿童进行韦氏儿童智力测验,根据测验结果把学习障碍儿童进一步分为非言语型学习障碍组(23人)、言语型学习障碍组(28人),然后按1:1比例选取对照组(51人).设置儿童与同伴、成人相互作用的三类情景,每类情景又分为模糊和清晰两种情况,对三组儿童进行结构性访谈.结果: ①清晰权威情景下.非言语型学习障碍儿童的编码数显著低于对照组儿童[(2.35±1.15)vs.(3.25±1.27),P＜0.01];对人物意图的判断,非言语型学习障碍儿童选择"恶意"的比率(65%)高于言语型学习障碍儿童(29%)(P＜0.05);在工具效能感上,非言语型学习障碍儿童选择有效的比率(74%)高于言语型学习障碍儿童(36%)(P＜0.05).②非言语型学习障儿童在每个情景故事下的总反应数都显著低于对照组儿童[模糊同伴加入情景:(1.17±0.49)vs.(1.09±0.86).P＜0.01;清晰同伴加入情景:(1.09±0.28)vs.(1.69±0.96),P＜0.01;模糊同伴激惹情景:(1.09±0.41)V8.(1.49±0.78),P＜0.05;清晰同伴激惹情景:(1.17±0.49)vs.(1.65±0.95),P＜0.05:模糊权威情景:(0.96±0.36)vs.(1.37±0.72),P＜0.01;清晰权威情景:(1.00±0.30)vs.(1.37±0.59),P＜0.01].结论: ①清晰权威情景下,非言语型学习障碍儿童编码精确性不如对照组儿童;对他人意图的判断非言语型学习障碍儿童比言语型学习障碍儿童倾向于敌意归因;非言语型学习障碍儿童比言语型学习障碍儿童工具效能感高.②在每个情景下,非言语型学习障碍儿童比对照组儿童生成策略少,反应不灵活.     

学龄期儿童记忆发展特点研究

目的:研究学龄期儿童记忆发展特点.方法:以285名7-15岁儿童为研究对象,以龚氏记忆成套测验(儿童本)为测评工具,以7岁组平均成绩为基线值,观察各分测验及各项记忆指数随年龄发展的特点.结果:理解记忆、联想记忆、听觉广度等分测验成绩在整个学龄期持续上升,于13岁左右达到峰值;图片记忆、空间广度等分测验成绩在7-11岁之间上升较快,11岁以后不再有明显上升;再认测验成绩在整个学龄期有上升,但上升趋势平缓,幅度小.结论:学龄期儿童各种记忆能力均有明显提高,但不同记忆成分的发展特点不同.听觉记忆上升时间长,达到成熟的时间晚,视觉记忆达到成熟的时间较早,再认记忆成绩上升幅度最小.