我国5岁以下儿童小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌感染临床特征及病原学分析

目的 了解我国5岁以下儿童小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌腹泻病例临床与病原学特征,分析其可能的感染来源,为小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌病的防控与诊断提供科学依据。 方法 收集2010—2020年间来自全国10个省市自治区哨点医院儿童腹泻标本、调查及回访问卷;对标本进行小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的分离鉴定;菌株进行生物分型、血清型鉴定;毒力基因检测以及脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分型。 结果 2010—2020年共监测11 377例,分离到致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌63株,包括61株O:3血清型、2株O:9血清型菌株,5岁以下腹泻儿童感染率0.55%(63/11 377)。不同性别儿童对致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的感染率差异无统计学意义,1～5岁感染率高于≤1岁病例(χ²=44.836,P＜0.05),感染患儿中1～5岁发热比例高于≤1岁(χ²=11.508 ,P<0.05),随访病例未发现后遗症。我国儿童感染O:3血清型致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的PFGE带型存在多样性,优势带型为K6GN11C30021、K6GN11C30012。 结论 我国5岁以下儿童感染致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的生物血清型以3/O:3为主,偶有4/O:3与2/O:9。根据患儿感染特点与高发季节推测食源为主要感染来源,需进一步调查研究。     

内膜转运蛋白编码基因PEG-344在肺炎克雷伯菌毒力鉴别中的应用

 目的 评估新型标志物PEG-344在高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌以及经典肺炎克雷伯菌毒力鉴别中的应用价值。方法 收集2020—2021年某院血流感染患者血标本分离的肺炎克雷伯菌,采用大蜡螟毒力试验结果作为金标准进行分组,将菌株分为高毒力组和经典组;进一步进行黏液丝试验、wzi基因测序和毒力基因检测_p(rmpA、_prmpA2、PEG-1631、PEG-589、PEG-344)。结果 共收集肺炎克雷伯菌36株,根据大蜡螟毒力试验结果将其分为高毒力组16株,经典组20株;高毒力组黏液丝阳性菌株占87.50%(14株),经典组黏液丝阳性菌株占15.00%(3株);毒力基因PEG-344检测的灵敏度、特异度高于经典的独立标志物_prmpA、_prmpA2。除1株经典组wxwh3(wzi-2)菌株PEG-344阳性以外,其余菌株PEG-344结果与毒力分组完全一致。结论 内膜转运蛋白编码基因PEG-344能更准确地鉴别高毒力菌株,及时提醒临床合理用药,为临床医生优化诊疗方案提供依据。     

Epidemiology and virulence gene expression of intracellular group A streptococci in tonsils of recurrently infected adults

Intracellularly persistent group A streptococci (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) have been associated with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis and antibiotic treatment failure. As a supplementation of the published in vitro data, conventional bacteriology and molecular epidemiology was performed on material from 29 adult patients of a German army hospital with anamnestic signs of recurrent tonsillopharyngitis. Pre-surgery tonsil swabs and the surgically removed tonsils were examined with respect to growth of aerobic bacteria in absence and presence of antibiotics with exclusively extracellular activity. Under such antibiotic selection, Staphylococcus aureus and GAS were cultured from specimens of 13 and 3 patients, respectively. In every material GAS-positive by culture methods, the intracellular location of the penicillin-susceptible GAS isolates was confirmed by immunohistologic examination of tonsillar sections using a GAS-specific IgG antibody. The three intracellular GAS isolates were typed by emm gene sequencing and could be associated to types M6 and M49 (two isolates). The bacteria were serially passaged on sheep blood agar, and semiquantitative mRNA analysis from virulence genes was performed using bacteria of the 4th and 25th passage after isolation. An M-type-specific pattern of virulence gene expression and different gene expression levels in relation to the passage number were observed.     

细菌接合性耐药质粒与毒力关系的研究

目的　研究伤寒菌接合性耐药质粒ｐＲＳＴ９８ 与宿主菌毒力的关系。方法　用伤寒菌同源染色体的含ｐＲＳＴ９８ 野生株、消除ｐＲＳＴ９８ 菌株及ｐＲＳＴ９８ 重新导入消除菌株后,检测它们在人、兔及豚鼠血清中抵抗力的改变。将ｐＲＳＴ９８ 导入不含质粒的鼠伤寒无毒株ＲＩＡ,比较接合子ｐＲＳＴ９８／ＲＩＡ 与含一毒力质粒的鼠伤寒毒株ＳＲ－ １１ 及ＲＩＡ在体外对Ｈｅｐ－ ２ 、ＣＨＯ 和ＨｅＬａ 细胞的粘附、侵袭能力;经口感染小鼠观察３ 种菌在体内播散、繁殖及引起所在脏器的病理改变,并经腹腔感染测定对小鼠的半数致死量。结果　携带ｐＲＳＴ９８ 的菌株在血清中的抵抗力显著高于无此质粒菌株（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５）;ｐＲＳＴ９８ 在体外不影响宿主菌对上述３ 种细胞的粘附、侵袭力,但能使携带该质粒的ｐＲＳＴ９８／ＲＩＡ在小鼠肠系膜淋巴结、脾和肝脏的活菌数显著增加（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５） ,并引起相应的病理变化;腹腔注射小鼠ＬＤ５０ 比ＲＩＡ降低１０００ 倍（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） 。结论　伤寒菌耐药质粒ｐＲＳＴ９８ 具有多效性,不但能编码对药物的抗性,同时还能使宿主菌的毒力增强。     

Whole genome sequence to decipher the resistome of Shewanella algae,a multidrug-resistant bacterium responsible for pneumonia,Marseille, France

We characterize and decipher the resistome and the virulence factors of Shewanella algae MARS 14, a multidrug-resistant clinical strain using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) strategy. The bacteria were isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage of a hospitalized patient in the Timone Hospital in Marseille, France who developed pneumonia after plunging into the Mediterranean Sea. Results: The genome size of S. algae MARS 14 was 5,005,710 bp with 52.8% guanine cytosine content. The resistome includes members of class C and D beta-lactamases and numerous multidrug-efflux pumps. We also found the presence of several hemolysins genes, a complete flagellum system gene cluster and genes responsible for biofilm formation. Moreover, we reported for the first time in a clinical strain of Shewanella spp. the presence of a bacteriocin (marinocin). Conclusion: The WGS analysis of this pathogen provides insight into its virulence factors and resistance to antibiotics.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from pediatric population in Pakistan

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) are a leading cause of diarrhea among children. The objective of this study was to define the frequency of EAEC among diarrheal children from flood‐affected areas as well as sporadic cases, determine multidrug resistance, and evaluation of virulence using an in vivo model of pathogenesis. Stool samples were collected from 225 diarrheal children from 2010 to 2011 from flood‐affected areas as well as from sporadic cases in Pakistan. Identified EAEC isolates were characterized by phylogrouping, antibiotic resistance patterns including the extended‐spectrum beta lactamase spectrum, single nucleotide polymorphism detection in gyrA and parC, and virulence potential using wax worm, G. mellonella. A total of 35 (12.5%) confirmed EAEC isolates were identified among 225 E. coli isolates. EAEC isolates displayed high resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and cefaclor. A total of 34.28% were ESBL positive. Single nucleotide polymorphism detection revealed 37.14% and 68.57% isolates were positive for SNPs in gyrA (A₆₆₀‐T₆₆₀) and parC (C₃₃₀‐T₃₃₀), respectively. Phylogrouping revealed that B2 phylogroup was more prevalent among all EAEC isolates tested followed by D, A, B1, and non‐typeable (NT). Infection of G. mellonella with EAEC showed that killing infective dose was 100% higher than E. coli DH5 alpha control. EAEC are prevalent among Pakistani children with diarrhea, they are highly resistant to antibiotics, and predominantly fall into B2 phylogroup. Epidemiologic surveillance of EAEC and other E. coli pathotypes is critical to assess not only the role of these pathogens in diarrheal disease but also to determine the extent of multidrug resistance among the population.     

Characterization of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats sites in Streptococcus mutans isolated from early childhood caries patients

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) sites in 45 clinical Streptococcus mutans strains and their relationship to the clinical manifestations of early childhood caries (ECC).MethodsForty-five S. mutans strains were isolated from the plaque samples taken from sixty-three children. CRISPR sites were sequenced and BLAST was used to compare these sites to those in the CRISPRTarget database. The association between the distribution of CRISPR sites and the manifestation of caries was analyzed by Chi-Square test. Further, biofilm formation (by crystal violet staining) and the synthesis of polysaccharide (by anthrone-sulfuric method) of all clinical isolated S. mutans strains with both CRISPR sites and no CRISPR site were comapared. Finally, acidogenicity and acidurity of two typical strains were determined using pH drop and acid tolerance assays. Biofilm formation and EPS synthesis by two typical strains were compared by 3D CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope) assays and the expression of gtf genes were evaluated using qPCR.ResultsWe found that most of the spacers in the clinical S. mutans strains were derived from Streptococcus phages APCM01 and M102. The number of CRISPR sites in these strains was associated with the clinical manifestations of ECC. Moreover, we found that the biofilm formation and EPS synthesis ability of the S. mutans strains with both CRISPR sites was significant improved.ConclusionsAn association was found between the distribution of CRISPR sites and the clinical manifestations of caries. The CRISPR sites might contribute to the cariogenic potential of S. mutans.     

Efficient responses to host and bacterial signals during Vibrio cholerae colonization

Vibrio cholerae, the microorganism responsible for the diarrheal disease cholera, is able to sense and respond to a variety of changing stimuli in both its aquatic and human gastrointestinal environments. Here we present a review of research efforts aimed toward understanding the signals this organism senses in the human host. V. cholerae’s ability to sense and respond to temperature and pH, bile, osmolarity, oxygen and catabolite levels, nitric oxide, and mucus, as well as the quorum sensing signals produced in response to these factors will be discussed. We also review the known quorum sensing regulatory pathways and discuss their importance with regard to the regulation of virulence and colonization during infection.