Transient compartmental expression of neurocan in the developing striatum of the rat

The expression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan was examined in the developing striatum of the rat and compared with the distribution of dopaminergic terminals. Neurocan immunoreactivity shows a homogeneous pattern in the embryonic striatum. In the postnatal striatum, neurocan was first expressed within the matrix but not the patch compartments, and subsequently within both. These results suggest that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are involved in formation of connections between the substantia nigra and striatum. J. Neurosci. Res. 51:612–618, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Expression of DSD-1-PG in primary neural and glial-derived cell line cultures,upregulation by TGF-β, and implications for cell-substrate interactions of the glial cell line Oli-neu

DSD-1-PG is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with neurite-outgrowth promoting properties expressed during development and upon lesion of neural tissues which has been defined with the specific monoclonal antibody 473HD. Double immunofluorescence studies performed on primary cerebellar cultures document that the proteoglycan is expressed on the surface of immature glial cells and the neural cell line Oli-neu, a model of mouse oligodendrocyte progenitors. Biochemical and immunoprecipitation studies performed with biosynthetically labelled Oli-neu and primary neural cells demonstrated that DSD-1-PG is expressed in vitro as a proteoglycan of 1000 kD apparent Mr with two core glycoproteins of 250 kD and 400 kD. In order to study the regulation of DSD-1-PG expression, an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Oli-neu and mAb 473HD was established. TGF-β1-3 induced up-regulation of the proteoglycan, while various growth factors and cytokines did not significantly affect DSD-1-PG expression in both the supernatant and the extract of the culture monolayer. FACSCAN analysis suggested that the proteoglycan is upregulated on the surface of Oli-neu. Cell substrate adhesion assays revealed that this enhanced expression correlates with a selective reduction of adhesion to laminin, but not fibronectin or merosin, which could specifically be neutralized by antibodies to DSD-1-PG. We conclude that the proteoglycan contributes to the regulation of glial precursor interactions with the extracellular matrix. GLIA 23:99–119, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

UP-REGULATION OF A KERATAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN FOLLOWING CORTICAL INJURY IN NEONATAL RATS

The up-regulation of the keratan sulfate proteoglycan (ABAKAN) was examined using indirect immunohistochemical methods. Previous studies indicate that the keratan sulfate proteoglycan is associated with astrocytes in the optic nerve and in the developing rat brain. In model culture systems, this proteoglycan is capable of inhibiting the growth of neurites over laminin. To determine whether the proteoglycan is up-regulated specifically during reactive gliosis, stab wounds were made in the cerebral cortex of early postnatal rats, and the up-regulation of the proteoglycan was related to the developmentally regulated gliotic response to injury. Following a stab wound in the cortex of the late postnatal rat, reactive gliosis was consistently observed along with an up-regulation of ABAKAN. When the cortex was injured on postnatal day 2, there was a variable gliotic response and considerable variation in the regulation of proteoglycan expression. Biochemical analysis revealed that ABAKAN is a large proteoglycan with multiple keratan sulfate side-chains, at least one chondroitin sulfate side-chain and at least one additional carbohydrate chain with a terminal 3-sulfoglucuronic acid. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the boundary proteoglycan ABAKAN is also associated with reactive gliosis during early postnatal development. Copyright ©1996 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.     

硫酸镁治疗毛细支气管炎的临床观察

目的：探讨硫酸镁治疗毛细支气管炎的临床效果。方法：将80例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,两组均给予抗感染、平喘、吸氧等综合治疗,观察组加用硫酸镁,比较两组症状、体征缓解情况和临床有效率。结果：观察组主要症状和体征消失时间早于对照组,临床有效率高于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：硫酸镁治疗毛细支气管炎安全有效,无并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

高效毛细管电泳法同时分离检测肝素钠杂质

 目的 建立用高效毛细管电泳法同时分离检测肝素钠杂质的方法。方法 采用高效毛细管电泳法,通过选择电极缓冲液的种类、浓度、pH值、检测波长等最佳实验条件,确定了一种检测肝素钠杂质的优化方法：800 mmol·L-1磷酸-锂盐为运行缓冲液(pH 3.5),熔融石英毛细管(25 μm×60 cm,有效长度50 cm),分离电压-30 kV,进样量：14 kPa×50 s,分离温度：20 ℃,检测波长200 nm。结果 此方法实现了肝素钠与各个杂质的分离,多硫酸软骨素(oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, OSCS)峰和肝素峰的分离度可达1.5,且线性、重复性良好,OSCS峰检测限为0.2 mg·mL-1,相当于肝素钠质量的0.4%（Woscs/Wheparin）。结论 此方法准确、简便,优于美国药典(USP 32)收载的方法,利于肝素钠的质量控制。     

含氯化锶脱敏糊剂对牙本质小管的封堵效果及生物安全性评价

目的 研究含2%氯化锶的脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封堵效果,并对其生物安全性进行评价。方法 制备含2%十二烷基硫酸钠（ SLS）和2%氯化锶的脱敏糊剂（ DS1）。选择无龋坏无缺陷的牛下颌切牙制备牙本质片24个,随机分3组,分别置于DS1（实验组）、普通含氟牙膏（阴性对照组）和去离子水（空白对照组）中进行刷牙处理。牛牙表面连续处理7天后采用扫描电子显微镜（ SEM）及其图像分析研究含锶脱敏糊剂对牙本质小管的封堵率。另外,选择市售含氟牙膏（阴性对照）、不含SLS的脱敏糊剂（ DS2）及3种同类脱敏产品,采用滤膜扩散法进行体外细胞毒性研究,并评价脱敏糊剂DS1浸提液的口腔黏膜刺激反应和皮肤致敏反应。采用一次限量法研究脱敏糊剂的急性经口毒性（ LD₅₀）。结果 SEM分析表明,DS1对牙本质小管的封堵率为70.97%,阴性对照组为48.29%,两者之间及相比空白对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（ P ＜ 0.05）。DS1具有一定的细胞毒性,但未产生刺激和致敏反应。DS1的LD₅₀大于5 000 mg/kg,但呈现实际无毒的结果。结论 在本研究中,含有2%的SLS和2%的SrCl₂ · 6H₂O的脱敏糊剂具有良好的生物安全性,对牙本质小管的封堵效果较好。     

Preparation of Teucrium polium extract-loaded chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate beads and chitosan-alginate films for wound dressing application

This study aimed to formulate sodium lauryl sulfate cross-linked chitosan beads and sodium alginate-chitosan films for designing a dressing that would shorten the healing time of skin wounds. Teucrium polium extract-loaded chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate beads (CH-SLS) and chitosan-alginate (CH-ALG) films were prepared and characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling properties of the CH-SLS beads were also analyzed in a water solution. The obtained Teucrium polium extract-loaded CH-SLS beads and CH-ALG films (TBF) were further incorporated into the commercial adhesive dressing. This TBF wound dressing was then investigated for evaluation of its wound healing potential in the mice using the excision wound model. Healing was assessed by the macroscopic appearance and the rate of wound contraction during 8 days. On day 4, the TBF-treated wounds exhibited 98% reduction in the wound area when they were compared with healing ointment, elastic adhesive dressing, and untreated wounds which were exhibited 63%, 43%, and 32%, respectively. Furthermore, the application of TBF dressing reduced skin wound rank scores and increased the percentage of wounds contraction. These results demonstrate that TBF dressing improves considerably the healing rate and the macroscopic wound appearance at a short delay and this application may have therapeutic benefits in wound healing.     

Dynamic expression of a native chondroitin sulfate epitope reveals microheterogeneity of extracellular matrix organization in the embryonic chick heart

TC2 is a novel monoclonal antibody produced by in vitro immunization of splenocytes with a peanut agglutinin‐positive fraction from extracts of prechondrogenic micromass cultures of chick limb mesenchyme. ELISA results demonstrated TC2 reactivity with a native epitope on a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) enriched in chondroitin‐4‐sulfate and with multiple intact proteoglycans, but not with other GAGs tested. TC2 immunohistochemical reactivity was abolished by pretreatment of sections with chondroitinase AC or preadsorption with chondroitin‐4‐sulfate GAG. Strong TC2 localization occurred throughout the developing heart at stage 9. As looping ensued, a graded reactivity was observed from lowest in the atrium to highest in the conotruncus that correlated well with versican localization. The superior atrioventricular cushion stained preferentially with TC2 as compared to the inferior cushion at stages 16–18. At these later stages TC2 patterns did not agree completely with anti‐versican reactivity. By stage 23 there was a marked reduction in TC2 localization in the heart, however, strong reactivity remained at certain sites, including the conotruncus and in subcompartments of both atrioventricular cushions. A heterogeneous distribution of other native chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies d1C4 and CS‐56 was observed as well. The distribution of the TC2 epitope usually did not overlap with d1C4 or CS‐56 localization at the stages examined. Overall, the spatiotemporal characteristics of TC2 reactivity in the developing chick heart appear to correlate with subdomains of the endocardial cushions as well as with trabecular and atrial septal formation. Anat Rec 254:181–195, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Hydrothermal Treatment of Arsenopyrite Particles with CuSO4 Solution

The nature of the hydrothermal reaction between arsenopyrite particles (FeAsS) and copper sulfate solution (CuSO₄) was investigated in this study. The effects of temperature (443–523 K), CuSO₄ (0.08–0.96 mol/L) and H₂SO₄ (0.05–0.6 mol/L) concentrations, reaction time (1–120 min), stirring speed (40–100 rpm) and particle size (10–100 μm) on the FeAsS conversion were studied. The FeAsS conversion was significant at >503 K, and it is suggested that the reaction is characterized by the formation of a thin layer of metallic copper (Cu⁰) and elemental sulfur (S⁰) around the unreacted FeAsS core. The shrinking core model (SCM) was applied for describing the process kinetics, and the rate of the overall reaction was found to be controlled by product layer diffusion, while the overall process was divided into two stages: (Stage 1: mixed chemical reaction/product layer diffusion-controlled) interaction of FeAsS with CuSO₄ on the mineral’s surface with the formation of Cu¹⁺ and Fe²⁺ sulfates, arsenous acid, S⁰, and subsequent diffusion of the reagent (Cu²⁺) and products (As³⁺ and Fe²⁺) through the gradually forming layer of Cu⁰ and molten S⁰; (Stage 2: product layer diffusion-controlled) the subsequent interaction of CuSO₄ with FeAsS resulted in the formation of a denser and less porous Cu⁰ and S⁰ layer, which complicates the countercurrent diffusion of Cu²⁺, Cu¹⁺, and Fe²⁺ across the layer to the unreacted FeAsS core. The reaction orders with respect to CuSO₄ and H₂SO₄ were calculated as 0.41 and −0.45 for Stage 1 and 0.35 and −0.5 for Stage 2. The apparent activation energies of 91.67 and 56.69 kJ/mol were obtained for Stages 1 and 2, respectively.     

循经点穴对甲氨蝶呤治疗类风湿关节炎的增效减毒作用

目的：观察循经点穴对甲氨蝶呤治疗类风湿关节炎的增效减毒作用.方法：选取64例使用甲氨蝶呤治疗的类风湿关节炎患者,采取随机的方法分为治疗组和对照组各32例,对照组采用甲氨蝶呤联合硫酸羟氯喹方案,并服用叶酸片;治疗组采用甲氨蝶呤联合硫酸羟氯喹方案,并循经点按脾经、胃经、肝经、胆经,两组治疗1年后观察治疗结果.结果：在增效方面,治疗组明显进步23例,进步7例,改善1例,无效1例,总有效率为96.88%（95%CI=83.68%～99.90%）;对照组明显进步10例,进步11例,改善5例,无效6例,总有效率为81.25%（95%CI=67.73%～94.52%）;两组综合疗效比较（u=3.1939,P=0.0022）,差异有显著性意义;在减毒方面,治疗组与对照组比较,致肝损害、胃肠道反应等毒副作用更小（P〈0.05）.结论：循经点穴对甲氨蝶呤治疗类风湿关节炎有明显的增效减毒作用,其收益为OR=0.14（95%CI=0.02～1.24）.NNT=6（95%CI=3.2～298.5）.