三起金黄色葡萄球菌所致食物中毒报告

目的：对大理市三起同金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的病原学调查进行报告。方法：按《食品卫生检验方法》微生物部分进行检验。结果：检出金葡萄,并做药敏试验,对亚胺培南高度的敏感,对青霉素耐药。结论：提示在治疗本地金葡萄引起的食物中毒时应首选亚胺培南。并提醒金葡萄菌引起的食物中毒已占我市食物中毒的首位,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

泸州某医院手术室多重耐药菌感染现状研究

目的分析某医院手术室患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染现状,找出相关因素。方法选择2020年2月至2021年1月泸州某医院手术室12619例成年患者作为研究对象,调查患者资料,进行病原菌检测和细菌药敏试验,统计手术室MDRO感染发生情况,分析MDRO感染的菌种、科室分布、耐药情况和MDRO感染发生的相关因素。结果医院手术室患者MDRO感染发生率为2.10%。MDRO感染占比较大的科室是普外科(34.28%)、骨科(23.78%)、泌尿外科(15.22%)。手术室患者MDRO感染中较常见的菌种是鲍曼不动杆菌(46.99%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(19.91%)、铜绿假单胞菌(12.04%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢曲松完全耐药,对氨苄青霉素、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、妥布霉素耐药率超过80.00%,仅对左氧氟沙星耐药率不超过30.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林完全耐药,对红霉素、氯林可霉素的耐药率超过80.00%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、氨苄青霉素完全耐药,对头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方新诺明耐药率超过80.00%,仅对阿米卡星耐药率不超过30.00%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,入住ICU(OR=5.943)、侵入性操作(OR=2.704)、抗菌药物使用时间长(OR=2.244)、合并糖尿病(OR=1.955)是医院手术室患者MDRO感染的影响因素。结论泸州某医院手术室患者MDRO感染发生率较高,可能受入住ICU、侵入性操作、抗菌药物使用时间长、合并糖尿病的影响。     

Lipoteichoic acid fractions from pathogenic and apathogenic Listeria species and Staphylococcus aureus induce similar amounts of macrophage-derived cytokines

Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) of pathogenic and apathogenic Listeria species and of Staphylococcus aureus were fractionated and tested for their ability to stimulate production of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α) in resident peritoneal macrophages (Mϕ) of endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice using a serum-free medium. For IL-1α and IL-6 there were no detectable differences in the ability of LTA fractions of pathogenic and apathogenic Listeria species and of Staphylococcus aureus. However, LTA-2 fractions of Staphylococcus aureus, which might be less hydrophobic than the LTA-2 fractions of the listeriae-induced lower amounts of TNF-α. Furthermore, the more lipophilic LTA-2 fractions of all LTAs employed were more potent inducers of cytokines than the less lipophilic LTA-1 fractions. The biologic effect of LTAs appears, therefore, to depend mainly on their hydrophobicity.     

使用中消毒剂分离CNS的抗消毒剂性研究

定量杀菌实验结果表明,使用中消毒剂分离的８３析ＣＮＳ对洗必泰,新洁尔灭,乙醇和碘伏的抗性率分别为１５．６２％、１５．６２％、１２．５％、６．２５％。对上述四种消毒 一种以上具有抗性的抗性率为３４．４８％（１１／３２）,多重抗性率为６．２５％（２／３２）,１１株性菌株共有抗新洁尔灭,洗必泰,乙醇,碘伏－乙醇－洗必泰和碘伏－乙醇－洗必泰－新洁尔灭５种抗消毒剂谱。     

外科加强医疗病区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的分析

通过分析我院外科加强医疗病区(SICU)感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)患者的资料,总结引起MRSA感染的危险因素。方法:回顾性调查1996年1月～1998年12月入SICU的1069例患者资料,按感染细菌分为MRSA组和非MRSA组,比较两组的发病率及病死率;比较两组患者在ICU住院时间、广谱抗生素应用、血清白蛋白含量的差异,计算各因素的优势比(OR)。结果:MRSA20例,非MRSA57例,MRSA感染患者病死率为非MRSA的1.9倍,P<0.05;MRSA感染相关因素有ICU住院时间(P=003,OR=252)、广谱抗生素的应用(P=004,OR=16.10)、低白蛋白血症(P=0.01,OR=234)。结论:MRSA感染病死率高,ICU住院时间长、应用广谱抗生素、低白蛋白血症是引起MRSA感染的危险因素。     

不同温度诱导细菌L型的实验观察

目的：观察不同温度诱导细菌形成Ｌ型。方法：抗生素纸片诱导。以苯唑青霉素（每片４０μｇ）、羧苄青霉素（每片５００μｇ）在３７℃、３２℃及２８℃分别诱导金黄色葡萄球菌和福氏痢疾杆菌Ｌ型。结果：三种不同温度诱导细菌形成Ｌ型,其菌落特征、形态及染色性等均无差别。结论：抗生素诱导Ｌ型除３７℃外,３２℃和２８℃均可形成。为探讨Ｌ型可在自然界产生和存在是否与某些传染病流行和传播有关提供依据。     

Do we need to treat otitis media?

Otitis media is a common pediatric problem. It is well established that over half of infants and children with acute otitis media may have spontaneous recovery. Since it is difficult to predict the course (self-limited versus serious disease) all the children with acute suppurative otitis media need to be treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is still the initial antibiotic of choice. There are several alternate antibiotics available with activity against beta-lactamase positive bacteria. These agents have no advantage over amoxicillin in infections due to penicillin resistant pneumococci. Recent use of beta-lactam antibiotics and/or attendance in a day care where there is frequent use of antibiotics are predisposing factors for penicillin resistant pneumococcal infection. In such cases after tympanocentesis, higher dose of amoxicillin, clindamycin or intramuscular ceftriaxone should be considered. Secretory otitis media does not need to be treated with antibiotics unless the patient is in high risk group. Prophylactic use of antibiotics should be actively discouraged. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination (2 years or older) should be encouraged in children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media. Breast feeding should be encouraged.     

抗除草剂海洋微藻的生长和积累EPA的特性

在群体水平上研究了海产野生型眼点拟微球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)及其抗除草剂Sandoz9785的细胞培养物在生长和脂肪酸组成方面的特性。结果表明,野生型藻株对Sandoz 9785较为敏感,除草剂用量为50μmol·L~(-1)时其生长的被抑制率为75％。在除草剂抑制作用下,野生型细胞的总脂肪酸含量显著下降,而EPA含量显著提高。在160μmol·L~(-1)和320μmol·L~(-1)Sandoz 9785浓度下,筛选到抗除草剂的细胞培养物R160和R320,其平均比生长速率与野生型没有显著差异,细胞的总脂肪酸、16;0、16:1ω9、18:0和18:1ω9的含量都低于野生型藻株,但20:5ω3(EPA)含量则高于野生型。R160在无除草剂的培养基中EPA含量最高,可占细胞干重的3.51％,比野生型提高了30％,但与野生型差异不显著。并讨论了抗性培养物抗Sandoz 9785和积累 EPA的机理。     

Genetic basis of neonatal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is still one of major problems of drug-resistant microorganisms and healthcare-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent in patients in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Japan. The most predominant MRSA in NICU is multidrug resistant and produces superantigenic exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC). These predominant MRSA strains belong to coagulase type II, SCCmec type II, mecA-Tn554 polymorph type I-A and show closely related pulse field gel electrophoresis types. The dissemination of MRSA is wide, and there is a pandemic distribution of a single MRSA clone in the NICU of Japan. Since 1992, the nationwide spread of this clone has also led to the development of a new neonatal disease known as neonatal toxic shock-like exanthematous disease (NTED), which is caused by overactivation of vbeta2+ T cells induced by TSST-1. The spread of MRSA in NICU in Japan has been attributed to overcrowding, high rates of extremely low birthweight babies, understaffing, low control measures of infection and overuse of antibiotics. The environment of NICU and infection control intervention should be improved and a new strategy for control like vaccination or probiotics is required.     

耐万古霉素微生物筛选模型

为获得耐万古霉素的肠球菌和金葡球菌，利用紫外线对Enterococcus faecalis458和Staphylococcus aureus9918进行诱变，确定在不同处理中以紫外线照射30s为最佳。最后获得对万古霉素中敏的E．faecalis458 V20和S．aureus9918 V16，药物敏感性试验表明前者对青霉素G钾和红霉素耐药，而后者对青霉素G钾、红霉素、苯唑青霉素钠和氨苄青霉素钠耐药。两者对万古霉素的耐药性在无药培养基上传10代后略微下降。