Decreased Cell Membrane Magnesium in Some Essential Hypertension Patients

The concentrations of total ([T-Mg]), ultrafilterable ([UF-Mg]), and protein-bound or nonfilterable ([NF-Mg]) magnesium were measured in the plasma and in the intracellular compartment of blood from 8 essential hypertensive patients and 9 normotensive subjects. In the former, [T-Mg] was unchanged in the plasma but decreased in whole blood due to decreases of both [UF-Mg] and [NF-MG]; [UF-Mg] was increased in plasma but decreased intracellularly while [NF-Mg] was decreased in plasma and unchanged intracellularly. These concentrations correlated significantly with the average blood pressures. Decreased Mg binding to the erythrocyte membrane was also observed in 13 additional essential hypertensive patients. This decreased binding may well be responsible for the decreased intracellular [UF-Mg] in the blood of such patients. The cause of the decreased Mg binding to the erythrocyte membrane is unknown, but the binding is returned to normal by incubating erythrocytes from essential hypertensive patients with blood plasma from normotensive subjects. Decreased Mg binding to cell membranes must also occur in frankly Mg-deficient patients, some of whom, as a consequence of the primary deficiency of this mineral, are hypertensive. Normal Mg binding to erythrocyte membranes was observed in two patients with hypertension indicating that hypertension per se does not cause decreased Mg binding to cell membranes.

These observations suggest that decreased Mg binding to cell membranes may be an important contributing factor in some cases of essential hypertension.     

Social Control and Marijuana Use

Abstract

A case of self-poisoning with strychnine is reported. The patient had the recognized features of strychnine poisoning, but in addition had abnormal eye movements. These were nonresponsive to treatment with diazepam and ceased spontaneously.     

应用沉淀法消除HLAP患者生化标本乳糜状态的探讨

目的探索磷钨酸镁沉淀法在高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(HLAP)患者标本进行生化检验前对重度乳糜状态的消除作用。方法取外观正常标本经磷钨酸镁处理后做各项生化检验,与处理前数据进行相关性分析;以脂肪乳液配制轻、中、重3组模拟乳糜血清做回收试验,计算各生化项目的回收率;收集HLAP患者标本做实证试验,观察乳糜消除效果和生化检验效果。结果除了二氧化碳结合力(CO2CP)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)、肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶1(LD-1)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cys C)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)外,钾离子(K+)、钠离子(Na+)、氯离子(Cl-)、钙离子(Ca2+)、血糖(Glu)、尿素(Urea)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)、淀粉酶(AMY)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LD)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)经磷钨酸镁处理后均可正确检测,且与处理前呈高度的直线相关,拟合曲线显著性检验显示P均0.01。回收试验中3组模拟乳糜血清各生化项目的回收率最低为98.03%,最高为103.44%,回收效果良好。HLAP患者标本经磷钨酸镁处理后可正确检测的生化项目与相关性分析实验中外观正常的标本一致,甘油三酯(TG)10 mmol/L或TG40 mmol/L的标本乳糜消除效果明显,TG为10~40 mmol/L的标本需先做稀释使TG10 mmol/L再做处理。结论磷钨酸镁沉淀法清除血脂效果显著,对绝大多数的生化检验不会产生干扰,适用于重度乳糜状态的HLAP患者标本生化检验前的处理。     

Adolescent brain maturation,the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia

Cannabis use during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychotic disorders later in life. However, the neurobiological processes underlying this relationship are unknown. This review reports the results of a literature search comprising various neurobiological disciplines, ultimately converging into a model that might explain the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia. The article briefly reviews current insights into brain development during adolescence. In particular, the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in experience-dependent maturation of specific cortical circuitries is examined. The review also covers recent hypotheses regarding disturbances in strengthening and pruning of synaptic connections in the prefrontal cortex, and the link with latent psychotic disorders. In the present model, cannabis-induced schizophrenia is considered to be a distortion of normal late postnatal brain maturation. Distortion of glutamatergic transmission during critical periods may disturb prefrontal neurocircuitry in specific brain areas. Our model postulates that adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive substance in cannabis, transiently disturbs physiological control of the endogenous cannabinoid system over glutamate and GABA release. As a result, THC may adversely affect adolescent experience-dependent maturation of neural circuitries within prefrontal cortical areas. Depending on dose, exact time window and duration of exposure, this may ultimately lead to the development of psychosis or schizophrenia. The proposed model provides testable hypotheses which can be addressed in future studies, including animal experiments, reanalysis of existing epidemiological data, and prospective epidemiological studies in which the role of the dose–time–effect relationship should be central.     

脑肿瘤术后碳青霉烯类药物联用丙戊酸钠的风险及其解决方案

目的 综述脑肿瘤术后碳青霉烯类药物联用丙戊酸钠后引起丙戊酸钠血药浓度降低的风险,并提出解决方案。方法 通过分析药品说明书,检索并整理碳青霉烯类药物联用丙戊酸钠导致丙戊酸钠血药浓度降低的文献,分析其作用机制,并提出可能的解决方案。结果 说明书和现有文献均认为碳青霉烯类药物可降低丙戊酸钠血药浓度。因此,加强丙戊酸钠血药浓度监测、安全给药剂量研究等将为临床安全应用提供实践依据。结论 脑肿瘤术后碳青霉烯类药物联用丙戊酸钠可降低丙戊酸钠血药浓度,如何实现安全联合用药是下一步研究方向。     

Investigational drugs for the treatment of spinal cord injury: review of preclinical studies and evaluation of clinical trials from Phase I to II

Introduction: Efforts in basic research have clarified mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury (SCI), and resulted in positive findings using experimental treatments including cell transplantation and drug administration preclinically. Based on accumulated results, various clinical trials have begun for human SCI.

Areas covered: In this review, the authors focus on five investigational drugs: riluzole, minocycline, Rho protein antagonist, magnesium chloride in polyethylene glycol formulation, and basic fibroblast growth factor. All drugs have established safety and tolerability from Phase I clinical trials, and are now in Phase II. They have been proven to have neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative effects in animal models of SCI.

Expert opinion: To date, diverse drugs have been translated into clinical trials, but none have reached clinical application. A key gap was the lack of reliable biomarkers for SCI to fast-track Phase I/II trials. Furthermore, problems were often due to lack of adequate outcome assessments for both animal models and SCI patients. In order to advance clinical trials more quickly and with greater success, more clinically relevant animal models should be used in basic research. Clinically, it is indispensable to use appropriate outcome measurements and to construct a wide network among clinical centers to validate the efficacy of drugs.     

Oral magnesium for relief in pregnancy‐induced leg cramps: a randomised controlled trial

Leg cramps are common in pregnant women. Currently, there is no standard treatment for pregnancy‐induced leg cramps. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral magnesium in pregnant women with leg cramps. This double‐blinded, randomised, placebo‐controlled trial included 86 healthy pregnant women, 14–34 weeks of gestation who had leg cramps at least twice per week. The study period was 4 weeks. Eighty women completed the study. Forty‐one women were assigned to magnesium bisglycinate chelate (300 mg per day) and 39 women to placebo. Details of leg cramps were recorded before beginning the treatment and the fourth week of study. Outcome measure was the reduction of cramp frequency after treatment and cramp intensity measured by 100‐mm visual analogue scale. Fifty per cent reduction of cramp frequency was significantly higher in the magnesium group than the placebo group (86.0% vs. 60.5%, P = 0.007). The 50% reduction of cramp intensity was also significantly higher in the treatment group than in the placebo group (69.8% vs. 48.8%, P = 0.048). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of side effects such as nausea and diarrhoea. These results demonstrated that oral magnesium supplement can improve the frequency and intensity of pregnancy‐induced leg cramps. Therefore, oral magnesium may be a treatment option for women suffering from pregnancy‐induced leg cramps.     

ICP-AES法同时测定碳酸锂原料药中6种杂质元素

目的：建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES)同时测定碳酸锂原料药中6种杂质元素（钙、钠、钾、镁、铁和铝）的分析方法,并分析不同厂商碳酸锂原料药的杂质含量。方法：用硝酸溶解样品, ICP-AES法分析样品中6种杂质元素的含量。结果：6种元素标准曲线的相关系数均高于0.999,加标回收率为93%～99%,检出限为0.0003～0.1275μg·mL-1,RSD值均小于2%;利用本法对5个厂家使用的碳酸锂原料药进行测定,结果表明C厂的原料药中钙、钠、镁、铁和铝元素含量均高于其余4个厂家,其中钠超出了药典规定限度。结论：与《中国药典》中碳酸锂原料药杂质测定方法进行比对,本试验所建立的方法测定结果与药典方法一致,且方法专属性强、灵敏度高、操作简单,可以用于碳酸锂原料药中6种杂质元素的测定。