The in vitro effects of stem cell factor, interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on haemopoietic progenitor cells from premature infants

Summary. Circulating haemopoietic progenitor cells from premature infants were assessed for their ability to respond to interleukin 3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor (SCF) in vitro. All three cytokines increased the number of colonies derived from burst forming units erythroid (BFU-E), colony forming units granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and multi-lineage progenitors (CFU-Mix) grown in the presence of erythropoietin (Epo). The size and haemoglobin content of BFU-E derived colonies also increased in the presence of the cytokines. Of those tested, SCF was found to be the most potent additive to Epo for the enhanced growth of BFU-E and CFU-Mix. In short-term liquid cultures without Epo, SCF alone induced globin synthesizing cells. Progenitors from premature infants were at least as responsive to all three cytokines as those from healthy adults. The use of SCF in combination with Epo in the prevention or treatment of anaemia in premature infants warrants further investigation.     

重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子联合重组表皮生长因子治疗儿童急性白血病化疗性口腔黏膜炎的临床疗效分析

目的　回顾性分析重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）含漱联合重组表皮生长因子喷涂治疗儿童急性白血病化疗引起的口腔黏膜炎的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析2021年9月至2022年4月就诊于中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二小儿血液内科107例次急性白血病化疗后并发口腔黏膜炎的患儿资料,按rhGM-CSF与重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（rh-aFGF）联合应用与否分为联合治疗组和单独治疗组,联合治疗组共51例次,单独治疗组共56例次。联合治疗组将rhGM-CSF 100ug加入氯化钠注射液250 mL,冷藏保存,每日含漱6次（分别于三餐前后各1次）,再予外用rh-aFGF喷涂口腔黏膜破溃处,每日3次。单独治疗组的56例患儿仅用rh-aFGF喷涂口腔黏膜破溃处,每日3次。从患儿发生口腔黏膜炎即开始应用治疗药物至口腔黏膜炎愈合,比较两组患儿治疗口腔黏膜炎的临床疗效、口腔黏膜炎愈合时间,以及药物不良反应的发生情况。结果　联合治疗组患儿有效率明显高于单独治疗组（84% vs 68%,P=0.047）,联合治疗组患儿口腔溃疡愈合时间明显缩短,联合治疗组（4.80±2.73）d,单独治疗组（9.04±2.81）d,（P<0.01）,治疗期间无不良反应发生。结论　对于儿童急性白血病并发化疗性口腔黏膜炎,应用rhGM-CSF含漱联合rh-aFGF喷涂的方式治疗疗效显著,有效缓解疼痛,缩短治愈时间,有推广价值。     

A randomized comparison of once versus twice daily recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) for stem cell mobilization in healthy donors for allogeneic transplantation

To evaluate the schedule dependency of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (filgrastim) for stem cell mobilization, we conducted a randomized comparison in 50 healthy donors, with one subcutaneous daily injection of 10 microg/kg G-CSF (n = 25) compared with twice injections daily of 5 microg/kg G-CSF (n = 25). The two groups were well balanced for age, body weight and sex. G-CSF application was performed on an out-patient basis and leukapheresis was started in all donors on day 5. The most frequent side-effects of G-CSF were mild to moderate bone pain (88%), mild headache (72%), mild fatigue (48-60%) and nausea (8%) without differences between the two groups. The CD34(+) cell count in the first apheresis was 5.4 x 10(6)/kg donor weight (range 2.8-13.3) in the 2 x 5 microg/kg group compared with 4.0 x 10(6)/kg (range 0.4-8.8) in the 1 x 10 microg/kg group (P = 0.007). The target of collecting > 3.0 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg donor weight with one apheresis procedure was achieved in 24/25 (96%) donors in the 2 x 5 microg/kg group and in 17/25 (68%) donors in the 1 x 10 microg/kg group. The target of collecting > 5.0 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg in the first apheresis was achieved in 64% in the 2 x 5 microg/kg group, but in only 36% in the 1 x 10 microg/kg group. The progenitor cell assay for granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) and erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) was higher in the 2 x 5 microg/kg group than in the 1 x 10 microg/kg group (7.0 vs. 3.5 x 10(5)/kg, P = 0.01; 6.6 vs. 5.0 x 10(5)/kg; P = 0.1). Administering G-CSF (filgrastim) at a dosage of 5 microg/kg twice daily rather than 10 microg/kg once daily is recommended; this leads to a higher CD34(+) cell yield and requires fewer apheresis procedures without increasing toxicity or cost.     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对四氯化碳所致小鼠慢性肝损伤的治疗作用

目的 观察重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠慢性肝损伤的治疗作用.方法 清洁级雄性BALB/C小鼠分为治疗组与对照组.每周2次CCl4腹腔注射制备慢性肝损伤模型.造模成功后治疗组给予rhG-CSF(200 μg·kg-1·d-1)皮下注射7 d,对照组给予同等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液.测定小鼠体质量、肝重和脾重.采用临床常规方法检测肝功能、肝纤维化指标.对肝纤维化程度进行评分.流式细胞仪计数分析肝组织中CD34+细胞,免疫组化法测定Thy-1+表达.结果 治疗组小鼠第8和15天时脾重与肝重比值(15.94%±1.20%和10.52%±0.66%)与对照组(7.14%±1.68%和8.31%±1.71%)比较差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),两组小鼠体质量和肝重差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).第15天时治疗组小鼠白蛋白水平快速上升.第30天时治疗组丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)水平均低于对照组.第30天时两组肝纤维化程度计分差异有统计学意义(治疗组5.49±2.16,对照组8.74±1.86,P＜0.05).治疗组小鼠肝脏组织中CD34+细胞和Thy-1+阳性细胞数在第8天(9.54±2.24和5.10±1.25)和第15天(8.18±1.93和7.53±1.39)时高于对照组(第8天时5.40±0.99和3.25±0.75;第15天时4.46±0.77和3.35±0.86,P值均＜0.05).结论 rhG-CSF能促进慢性肝损伤的恢复,将为肝纤维化提供一个新的治疗方法.     

Lipopolysaccharide‐induced cytokine and receptor expression and neutrophil infiltration in the liver of osteopetrosis (op/op) mutant mice

Abstract: Background/Aims: Mice homozygous for the osteopetrosis (op) mutation are genetically deficient in macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF/CSF‐1) and are characterized by defective differentiation and function of macrophages. The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of M‐CSF to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cytokine expression and neutrophil infiltration in the liver. Methods: We investigated the effects of LPS administration in M‐CSF‐deficient op/op mutant mice. The expression of cytokines and receptors in the liver was studied by immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR. Neutrophil infiltration in the liver was also examined. Results: After LPS administration, cytokine production and expression of LPS receptors, such as CD14 and scavenger receptor class A (MSR‐A), were induced at lower levels in op/op mice than those in littermate mice. Neutrophil infiltration in the liver of op/op mice did not differ significantly from that of littermate mice. Anti‐IL‐8 receptor homologue and anti‐C5a receptor antibody reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils. Conclusions: These findings indicate that deficient macrophage activation following LPS injection in op/op mice is associated with decreased expression of CD14 and MSR‐A in the liver. Thus, M‐CSF plays a critical role in LPS‐induced macrophage activation but does not exert a dominant role in neutrophil infiltration in the liver.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子对兔颈动脉粥样硬化球囊损伤后再内皮化和内膜增生的影响

Objeelive To investigate the effect of rhG-CSF on mobilizing bone marrow-MSCs, reendothelialization and intima hyperplasia in carotid artery of rabbits post balloon catheter injury, nethods Rabbits were treated with rhG-CSF (25 μkg, twice daily, i. p, n =35) or saline (n =32) for 5 days, then, carotid arteries of rabbits were injured by balloon catheter. The number of peripheral MSCs was detected with FACS. The morphology of injuried artery was examined with hematoxylin and eosin stain, PCNA was determined with immunohistochemistry. Results (1) Number of peripheral MSCs was similar at baseline and significantly increased at 24 hours and peaked at 7 days and remained increased till 14 days post rhG-CSF. (2) Significant endothelial cell deletion was evidenced in the control group, while scatter endothelial cells was observed in the rhG-CSF group at 1 week post injury. Two weeks after injury, new endothelial area was significantly higher in rhG-CSF group compared to control group. At 4 weeks post injury, endothelial connection was evidenced and regularly displayed in rhG-CSF treated group. (3) PCNA-positive cells in the tunica intima were significantly lower in rhG-CSF treated rabbits at 7, 14 and 28 days compared that in control rabbits (all P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion rhG-CSF could mobilize the bone marrow-MSCs and promote re-endothelialization and attenuate intima hyperplasia post balloon catheter injury in carotid arteries of rabbits.     

Composition and function of peripheral blood stem and progenitor cell harvests from patients with severe active rheumatoid arthritis

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue has been proposed as an intensive therapy for severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In view of previous observations of abnormal haemopoiesis in RA patients, the composition and function of peripheral blood stem cell harvests (PBSCH) was investigated. Compared with PBSCH from healthy allogeneic donors mobilized with the same dose of G-CSF (filgrastim; 10 μg/kg/d, n = 14), RA PBSCH (n = 9) contained significantly fewer mononuclear cells (375 v 569 × 10⁶/kg, P = 0.03) and CD34⁺ cells (2.7 v 5.8 × 10⁶/kg, P = 0.003). However, there were increased proportions of CD14⁺ cells (P = 0.006) and CD14⁺CD15⁺ cells (the phenotype of previously described ‘abnormal’ myeloid cells, P = 0.002) in the RA PBSCH which translated into 3.5- and 7-fold increases respectively on a per CD34⁺ cell basis. There were no differences in T-cell activation status as judged by proportions of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ expressing CD45RA, CD45RO, HLA-DR and CD28 (RA PBSCH, n = 7, donor PBSCH, n = 5, P = 0.2–0.7). Phytohaemagglutinin responses determined fluorocytometrically with induction of CD69 expression were reduced in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells following filgrastim administration in 3/3 RA patients tested. Compared with bone marrow as a potential source of CD34⁺ cells, PBSCH contained 11-fold more T cells (P < 0.0005), 8-fold more B cells (P < 0.0005) and 4-fold more monocytes (P = 0.02). In short-term methylcellulose culture there were no differences in colony counts (CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM, BFU-E) per CD34⁺ cell from PBSCH from RA patients (n = 11) and healthy donors (n = 10). Long-term culture initiator cells were cultured successfully from cryopreserved PBSCH from RA patients (n = 9). In conclusion, PBSCH from RA patients differed significantly in composition from normal individuals, but in vitro studies support normal stem and progenitor cell function. Changes in T-cell function occur during mobilization in RA patients. This work provides reassurance for the use of PBSCH as haematological rescue and baseline data for clinical trials of graft manipulation strategies in patients with RA.     

Distinct roles of CSF family cytokines in macrophage infiltration and activation in glioma progression and injury response

Gliomas attract brain‐resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages and reprogram these cells into immunosuppressive, pro‐invasive cells. M‐CSF (macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, encoded by the CSF1 gene) has been implicated in the control of recruitment and polarization of macrophages in several cancers. We found that murine GL261 glioma cells overexpress GM‐CSF (granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor encoded by the CSF2 gene) but not M‐CSF when compared to normal astrocytes. Knockdown of GM‐CSF in GL261 glioma cells strongly reduced microglia‐dependent invasion in organotypical brain slices and growth of intracranial gliomas and extended animal survival. The number of infiltrating microglia/macrophages (Iba1⁺ cells) and intratumoural angiogenesis were reduced in murine gliomas depleted of GM‐CSF. M1/M2 gene profiling in sorted microglia/macrophages suggests impairment of their pro‐invasive activation in GM‐CSF‐depleted gliomas. Deficiency of M‐CSF (op/op mice) did not affect glioma growth in vivo and the accumulation of Iba1⁺ cells, but impaired accumulation of Iba1⁺ cells in response to demyelination. These results suggest that distinct cytokines of the CSF family contribute to macrophage infiltration of tumours and in response to injury. The expression of CSF2 (but not CSF1) was highly up‐regulated in glioblastoma patients and we found an inverse correlation between CSF2 expression and patient survival. Therefore we propose that GM‐CSF triggers and drives the alternative activation of tumour‐infiltrating microglia/macrophages in which these cells support tumour growth and angiogenesis and shape the immune microenvironment of gliomas. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ANTI-ALLERGIC EFFECTS OF SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS ON ANIMAL MODELS OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L.(Rosaceae) root (SOAE) on the immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro. SOAE (0.01 to 1 g/kg) inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. When SOAE was employed in a systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. SOAE (0.001 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. SOAE (0.001 to 1 mg/mL) also dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in RPMC, When SOAE was added, significantly increased compared with that of normal control. Moreover, SOAE (0.01 to 1 mg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. These results suggest that SOAE may be beneficial in the regulation of immediate-type allergic reaction.