Hyperbaric oxygen-stimulated proliferation and growth of osteoblasts may be mediated through the FGF-2/MEK/ERK 1/2/NF-κB and PKC/JNK pathways

We investigated whether the hyperbaric oxygen (O₂) could promote the proliferation of growth-arrested osteoblasts in vitro and the mechanisms involved in this process. Osteoblasts were exposed to different combinations of saturation and pressure of O₂ and evaluated at 3 and 7 days. Control cells were cultured under ambient O₂ and normal pressure [1 atmosphere (ATA)]; high-pressure group cells were treated with high pressure (2.5 ATA) twice daily; high-O₂ group cells were treated with a high concentration O₂ (50% O₂) twice daily; and high pressure plus high-O₂ group cells were treated with high pressure (2.5 ATA) and a high concentration O₂ (50% O₂) twice daily. Hyperbaric O₂ significantly promoted osteoblast proliferation and cell cycle progression after 3 days of treatment. Hyperbaric O₂ treatment stimulated significantly increased mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 as well as protein expression levels of Akt, p70^S6K, phosphorylated ERK, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, protein kinase C (PKC)α, and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Our findings indicate that high pressure and high O₂ saturation stimulates growth-arrested osteoblasts to proliferate. These findings suggest that the proliferative effects of hyperbaric O₂ on osteoblasts may contribute to the recruitment of osteoblasts at the fracture site. The FGF-2/MEK/ERK 1/2/Akt/p70^S6K/NF-κB and PKC/JNK pathways may be involved in mediating this process.     

Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells exhibit high expression levels of the PICOT protein

PICOT was originally discovered as a protein kinase C (PKC) binding protein in human Jurkat T-lymphocytes in which it was found to modulate PKCθ-dependent functions. In addition, RT-PCR analysis suggested the expression of PICOT in a wide range of organs and cell types, including cells that are devoid of PKCθ. We aimed at analyzing the expression of the PICOT protein in mouse lymphoid organs, and to compare them with those of Jurkat T-lymphocytes and other cell lines. We also analyzed whether PICOT expression in T-lymphocytes is dependent on the presence of PKCθ, and whether it correlates with cell growth rate. Western blot analyses demonstrated PICOT expression in all lymphoid organs and cell lines tested. In addition, similar expression levels were observed in lymphoid organs of wild-type and PKCθ-null mice, suggesting that PICOT expression in T-lymphocytes is independent of PKCθ. However, PICOT expression levels were higher in Jurkat T-lymphocytes and other lymphoma cell lines compared to freshly isolated lymphocytes, while T-lymphocyte mitogens, such as concanavalin A, increased PICOT expression concomitantly with the induction of a faster T-lymphocyte growth rate. Finally, immunohistochemistry of freshly-isolated lymph nodes from Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients revealed significantly higher levels of PICOT in Hodgkin’s cells, compared to the normal surrounding lymphocytes. The present results show a direct correlation between PICOT expression levels and increased cell growth, both in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that immunostaining of PICOT might be useful for in situ identification of transformed cells, such as those of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.     

姜黄素通过新型蛋白激酶-θ亚型抑制大鼠海马神经元中通道的研究

目的探讨姜黄素对Ca2+通道电流的选择性抑制作用。方法使用10 mmol/L的钡离子作为电荷载体,利用膜片钳技术记录大鼠海马神经元的全细胞电流;免疫印迹法检测大鼠海马神经元中蛋白激酶C(PKC)的分型;进行全细胞膜片钳技术分析。结果姜黄素浓度依赖性抑制高电压门控Ca2+通道电流(IBa),姜黄素对Ca2+型通道的激活无显著影响,但能够使Ca2+通道的失活曲线向超极化方向移动;此外,在体外培养的大鼠海马神经元中,细胞内应用PKC-θ的抑制肽PKC-θ-IP,能消除黄素诱导抑制的作用;新型PKC-δ、PKC-ε和PKC-θ,但不包括PKC-η在神经元中内源性表达。结论姜黄素在大鼠海马神经元中通过新型的PKC-θ依赖途径抑制IBa,这个结论可能有利于证明姜黄素的神经保护作用。     

加味丹参饮预处理对乳鼠缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的延迟保护作用及对蛋白激酶C的影响

目的观察加味丹参饮预处理对乳鼠缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的延迟保护作用及对蛋白激酶C(PKC)的影响。方法将培养72h的乳鼠心肌细胞随机分为6组,空白组正常培养;血清对照组加50%大鼠血清培养;含药血清组加50%含加味丹参饮的药物血清培养;缺氧/复氧组予缺氧再给氧。缺氧预处理组、加味丹参饮预处理组先给予缺氧预处理和加味丹参饮预处理,24h后再予缺氧再给氧。结果加味丹参饮预处理24h后可防止缺氧/复氧心肌细胞存活率的降低,防止乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)活性的升高(P<0.01),提高蛋白激酶C活性(P<0.01)。结论加味丹参饮预处理具有延迟保护作用,其机制与激发细胞内PKC信号转导通路有关。     

PKCδ在游离脂肪酸诱导内皮细胞凋亡过程中的作用研究

目的：探讨蛋白激酶 Cδ（PKCδ）在游离脂肪酸（FFAs）诱导内皮细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,分别给予不同浓度的 FFAs 刺激,转染 PKCδsiRNA 以抑制 PKCδ的表达。使用比色法检测细胞的增殖情况,采用定量流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡情况,免疫印迹法检测 PKCδ蛋白及磷酸化蛋白的表达水平。结果在人脐静脉内皮细胞内 FFAs 可产生多种效应,包括浓度依赖性的抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、增加 PKCδ的表达和磷酸化等。抑制 PKCδmRNA 的表达可导致 FFAs 诱导细胞凋亡减少。结论PKCδ可能介导内皮细胞中 FFAs 诱导的细胞凋亡。     

Different mechanisms of homologous and heterologous μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation

The efficiency of μ-opioid receptor signalling is tightly regulated and ultimately limited by the coordinated phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues. Here, we review and discuss recent progress in the generation and application of phosphosite-specific μ-opioid receptor antibodies, which have proved to be excellent tools for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Agonist-induced phosphorylation of μ-opioid receptors occurs at a conserved 10 residue sequence ³⁷⁰TREHPSTANT³⁷⁹ in the receptor''s carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Diverse opioids induce receptor phosphorylation at S375, present in the middle of this sequence, but only high-efficacy opioids have the ability to drive higher order phosphorylation on flanking residues (T370, T376 and T379). S375 is the initiating residue in a hierarchical phosphorylation cascade. In contrast, agonist-independent heterologous μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation occurs primarily at T370. The combination of phosphosite-specific antibodies and siRNA knockdown screening also facilitated the identification of relevant kinases and phosphatases. In fact, morphine induces a selective S375 phosphorylation that is predominantly catalysed by GPCR kinase 5 (GRK5), whereas multisite phosphorylation induced by high-efficacy opioids specifically requires GRK2/3. By contrast, T370 phosphorylation stimulated by phorbol esters or heterologous activation of G_q-coupled receptors is mediated by PKCα. Rapid μ-opioid receptor dephosphorylation occurs at or near the plasma membrane and is catalysed by protein phosphatase 1γ (PP1γ). These findings suggest that there are distinct phosphorylation motifs for homologous and heterologous regulation of μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation. However, it remains to be seen to what extent different μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation patterns contribute to the development of tolerance and dependence in vivo.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2     

条件培养液预处理对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的影响及其机理探讨

目的观察短暂缺氧条件培养液对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的影响，并探讨其作用机理。方法采用乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧／复氧（A／R）损伤模型。用短暂缺氧条件培养液进行预处理。结果条件培养液预处理能够提高A／R损伤后心肌细胞存活率（7638±4．12vsA／R组56．87±3．17％，P＜0．01），减少细胞MDA产生（0．91±0．05VSA／R组1．61±0．06nmol／mg·pr，P＜0．01），减少LDH漏出（35．12±845vsA／R组56．47±9．15U／L，P＜0．01）及细胞内蛋白漏出（0．32±0．04vsA／R组0．43±0．07，P＜0．01）。PKC抑制剂（H_7）完全阻断条件培养液预处理的上述保护作用。结论条件培养液对乳鼠心肌细胞的缺氧复氧损伤具有保护作用，其机理是通过PKC介导的。     

细胞外信号调节激酶在糖尿病大鼠肺病变中的作用

目的　观测糖尿病大鼠肺组织的病理改变及蛋白激酶C、胞外调节蛋白激酶活性的变化 ,探讨细胞信号传导系统在糖尿病大鼠肺病变中的作用。方法　制作糖尿病大鼠模型 ,4w后应用透射电镜观察大鼠肺组织病理改变 ,采用改良的Takay法测定蛋白激酶C活性 ,同位素法及蛋白质免疫印迹分析方法检测胞外调节蛋白激酶在糖尿病大鼠肺组织表达的变化。结果　糖尿病大鼠 4w肺组织病理改变为毛细血管基底膜及Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞基底膜不同程度增厚 ,肺间质胶原成份增多 ,蛋白激酶C、胞外调节蛋白激酶在肺组织活性增强。结论　链脲菌素糖尿病大鼠肺组织高糖环境下细胞内信号传导系统被激活 ,可能参与了糖尿病肺部并发症的发生和发展     

Electromyographic activity of posterior kinetic chain muscles during hamstring strengthening exercises

ObjectivesTo compare the muscle activation of the biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), gluteus maximus (GM), and contralateral erector spinae (ES) in four specific eccentric hamstring-oriented exercises using overground maximal sprints as an EMG normalization method.Designcross-sectional study.Participantstwenty-four healthy athletes participated in this study.Main outcome measuresThe maximum EMG activation of all targeted muscles was measured during maximal sprints and four hamstring exercises: Nordic hamstring (NH), Russian belt (RB), glider (GL) and lying kick (LK). Maximum EMG activation during sprints were used to normalize EMG muscle activation.ResultsRB and GL showed lower hamstrings activation (from 15.71% to 39.23% and from 26.34% to 31.23%, respectively), so these exercises may be used as the first step of the retraining. The higher hamstring activation was reached in the NH (from 20.15% to 66.81%) and the LK (from 50.5% to 61.2%). Regarding muscles comparison, BF and ST were the most dependent on the exercise ranging from 26.67% to 62.22%, and from 26.34% to 66.81%, respectively.ConclusionsMuscle activation is dependent on the exercise procedure. RB and GL should be used as a first step because of their low activation. Instead, NH and LK should be used at the last phases of retraining process. Considering the synergistic activation of the PKC muscles during LK, and because of its unilateral and explosive characteristics, LK seems a suitable exercise for retraining PKC muscles in general.