老鹳草素对实验性骨质疏松症及破骨细胞生成的影响

目的评价老鹳草素（geraniin，Ge）对实验性骨质疏松症的影响并探讨其初步作用机制．方法用维甲酸建立大鼠骨质疏松模型，观察Ge20mg／kg灌胃给药1周后对骨质疏松相关指标的影响．机械法分离1Et龄SD大鼠四肢长骨获得破骨细胞（osteoclast，oc），接种于培养板中培养，在培养液中分别加入不同浓度的Ge和Ⅱ型碳酸酐酶（carbonic anhydraseⅡ，CAⅡ）阻断剂乙酰唑胺（acetazolamide，Az），应用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase，TRAP）和甲苯胺蓝染色技术，观察不同浓度Ge对OC生存率的影响．结果维甲酸70mg／kg体重灌胃15d，模型组大鼠的体重下降，卵巢指数下降，血清碱性磷酸酶（alkaliner,hosphatase,ALP）升高，骨钙含量减少，骨小梁稀疏，骨小梁表面积减小，骨小梁间隙面积增大，表明大鼠骨质疏松模型复制成功．与模型组比较，Ge组和尼尔雌醇片阳性对照组的卵巢指数高，骨钙增高，骨小梁较密集，骨小梁间隙面积小，骨小梁表面积大，Ge可降低血清ALP同时升高血清钙水平．Ge呈浓度依赖性减少体外培养的TRAP染色阳性的多核细胞（成熟破骨细胞，mature osteoclast，mOC）数目．结论老鹳草素对维甲酸致大鼠骨质疏松症有对抗作用，明显抑制体外培养OC的生存率可能是抗骨质疏松作用的机制之一.     

兔下颌骨牵张成骨组织中c—los和OPG及OPGL的表达

目的：探讨在机械张力作用下骨细胞将生物力学信号转变为生物学效应的作用机理。方法：建立兔下颌骨牵张成骨模型，用免疫组化方法检测牵张中期（牵张第4天）、牵张末期（牵张第8天）与固定期2周、4周、6周的牵张区新生骨组织中c—los、骨保护素（OPG）、破骨细胞分化因子（OPGL）的分布和表达。结果：在牵张中期和末期c—los的表达为强阳性，明显强于固定期2周、4周、6周的组织。牵张中、末期和固定期2周组织OPG的表达为强阳性，在固定期4周、6周组织中逐渐减弱。OPGL仅在固定期6周组织中有较弱表达，其余各时间点均无明显阳性表达。结论：在下颌骨牵张新骨形成改建过程中，c—los与机械力刺激关系密切，OPG能促进新骨形成，而OPGL则与骨改建有关。     

Crosstalk Between Mucosal Inflammation and Bone Metabolism in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial and highly heterogeneous upper airway disease that affects approximately 12% of the general population. There is increasing evidence supporting the impact of osteitis on the pathophysiology of CRS. Osteitis is frequently observed in patients with CRS, and is associated with severe sinonasal inflammation and recalcitrant cases. The overlying inflammatory sinonasal mucosa plays a critical role in the initiation of osteitis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. Increasingly many studies have suggested that immune cells play a crucial role in the bone remodeling process in CRS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the specific role of sinonasal inflammation in bone remodeling in CRS patients.     

类风湿关节炎中白三烯B4间接分化破骨细胞的实验研究

目的探讨在类风湿关节炎（RA）中,白三烯B4（LTB4）能否通过促进核因子Kappa B受体激活剂配体（RANKL）的表达,起到间接分化破骨细胞的作用.方法利用RA滑膜成纤维细胞（RAFLs）和人外周血单核细胞的共培养体系,对照组2.5 ng/ml巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）刺激、实验a组2.5 ng/ml M-CSF＋10-8mol/L LTB4刺激、实验b组2.5 ng/ml M-CSF＋10-8 mol/L LTB4＋100 ng/ml骨保护素（OPG）刺激,培养3周后行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）细胞化学染色,通过计数多核性TRAP酶染色阳性的破骨细胞样细胞,比较各组的分化破骨细胞作用.结果对照组几乎没有破骨细胞样细胞,而实验a组则出现较多的破骨细胞样细胞,实验b组则与对照组相似,几乎没有破骨细胞样细胞.结论在RA中,LTB4能够通过促进RAFLs细胞RANKL的表达来间接分化破骨细胞.     

Moonlighting osteoclasts as undertakers of apoptotic cells

Rapid clearance of apoptotic cells, frequently referred to as efferocytosis, is crucial for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. The common model of apoptotic cell clearance involves a system of released “Find me” and exposed “Eat me” signals on apoptotic cells, detected and recognized by matching receptors on macrophages or dendritic cells (DC), referred to as the phagocytic synapse. Osteoclasts share the monocyte lineage with these professional mononuclear phagocytes, thus raising the question if, in addition to bone resorption, osteoclasts can act as scavengers for apoptotic cells. Our qPCR data clearly show that osteoclasts express most of the genes required for dying cell clearance at mRNA levels similar to or even higher than those observed in M1-macrophages, M2-macrophages or DC. Our microscopical analyses reveal that osteoclasts in fact can bind and/or engulf apoptotic cells in an essentially serum-independent fashion. Together with our data on the abundance of the respective mRNAs, these results identify the vitronectin receptor (integrin α_νβ₃)/milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) axis, the scavenger receptors (CD36, CD68 and class A macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A)), the complement/complement receptor axis, the Mer/Tyro3/Protein S axis, and the phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) as the most promising candidates to be involved in osteoclast-mediated efferocytosis.     

Osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases: Possible mediators and mechanisms

BackgroundPeriodontitis is the inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures and is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity. The outcome of periodontal infections is tooth loss due to a lack of alveolar bone support. Osteoclasts are giant, multi-nucleated, and bone-resorbing cells that are central for many osteolytic diseases, including periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) is the principal factor involved in osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. However, under pathological conditions, a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by activated immune cells also contribute to osteoclast differentiation and activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a vital component of the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed in many cells and elicits an immune response.HighlightsThe presence of bacterial LPS in the periodontal area stimulates the secretion of RANKL as well as other inflammatory mediators, activating the process of osteoclastogenesis. RANKL, either independently or synergistically with LPS, can regulate osteoclastogenesis, while LPS alone cannot. MicroRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells have recently been shown to modulate osteoclastogenesis in periodontal diseases.ConclusionIn this review, we summarize the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis accompanying periodontal diseases at the cellular level. We discuss a) the effects of LPS/TLR signaling and other cytokines on RANKL-dependent and -independent mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis; b) the recently identified role of several endogenous factors such as miRNA, IL-22, M1/M2 macrophages, and memory B cells in regulating osteoclastogenesis during periodontal pathogenesis.     

Impairment of rat tooth eruption in pups born to mothers exposed to chronic stress during pregnancy

Objective

Tooth eruption is a multifactorial process in which bone tissue plays a prevailing role. In this study we evaluated the bone overlying the developing tooth germ and the degree of tooth eruption of the first mandibular molar in pups born to mothers subjected to constant light during pregnancy.

Design

Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: mothers chronically exposed to a 12:12 light/light cycle (LL) from day 10 to 20 of pregnancy and controls (C) maintained on a 12:12 h light/dark cycle. Pups from each group were euthanized at the age 3 or 15 days.Buccolingually oriented sections of mandibles were stained with haematoxylin–eosin or for histochemical detection of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The histomorphometric parameters evaluated were bone volume, number of osteoclasts, TRAP+ bone surface, number of TRAP+ and TRAP− osteoclasts per mm² and degree of tooth eruption (mm).

Results

It was found an increase in bone volume (LL: 58.14 ± 4.24 vs. C: 32.31 ± 2.16; p < 0.01) and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts (LL: 3.5 ± 0.65 vs. C: 8.03 ± 1.31; p < 0.01) and TRAP+ cells (LL: 0.84 ± 0.53 vs. C: 8.59 ± 1.26; p < 0.01) in 3-day-old pups born to LL-exposed mothers. These observations are consistent with the decrease in the degree of tooth eruption observed in 15-day-old experimental pups (LL: −0.605 ± 0.05 vs. C: −0.342 ± 0.02; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that chronic constant light applied as a pre-natal stressor impairs the resorptive capacity of osteoclasts involved in the formation of the eruption pathway and consequently the degree of tooth eruption.     

氟致骨组织中细胞核转录因子-κB相关基因表达改变与破骨细胞凋亡的关系

目的 探讨慢性氟中毒大鼠骨骼损伤时细胞核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)相关基因表达改变与破骨细胞凋亡的关系,深入研究氟骨症的发病机制.方法 健康SD大鼠36只,体质量100 ～ 120 9,按体质量随机分为3组,每组12只.对照组饮用自来水(含氟量＜1 mg/L),低氟组和高氟组分别饮用含5、50 mg/L氟化钠的自来水.大鼠饲养8个月,建立慢性氟中毒模型,股动脉放血处死.取大鼠股骨干骺端,光镜观察骨组织形态学改变;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP 5b)水平;采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定破骨细胞并计数;采用Real-time PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测骨组织中p50、IKBα和凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果 染氟大鼠股骨干骺端呈骨质硬化表现.低氟组血清TRACP 5b水平、破骨细胞数[(3.45±1.85)U/L、(6.75±1.29)个/切片]显著高于对照组[(1.26±0.23)U/L、(3.92±1.38)个/切片,P均＜0.05],高氟组[(2.74±1.85) U/L、(3.33±1.07)个/切片]较低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).低氟组p50、IκBα、Bcl-2、Bax mRNA表达水平(4.41±0.44、1.15±0.25、2.02±0.11、1.25±0.22)显著高于对照组(1.46±0.10、0.26±0.07、1.00±0.06、0.74±0.09,P均＜0.05),高氟组(0.69±0.09、0.14±0.03、0.95±0.08、0.62±0.08)较低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).低氟组p50、IκBα蛋白表达水平(152.96±7.87、156.20±9.75)显著高于对照组(125.63±9.85、118.97±6.94,P均＜0.05),高氟组(120.56±9.57、114.50±7.61)较低氟组降低(P均＜ 0.05);低氟组Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达水平(170.61±6.60、160.77±7.66)和Bcl-2/Bax比值(1.07±0.08)较对照组(110.73±5.27、114.64±5.83、0.96±0.04)升高(P均＜0.05),高氟组(81.70±8.00、99.93±3.83、0.81±0.08)较对照组和低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).p50、IκBα蛋白表达水平与Bcl-2/Bax比值呈正相关关系(r值分别为0.587、0.676,P均＜0.05).结论 慢性氟中毒可引起骨组织NF-KB相关基因表达改变以及破骨细胞凋亡,氟骨症的机制可能与NF-κB p50和IKBα表达改变引起的破骨细胞凋亡失常有关.     

IGF-Ⅰ对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用依赖于成骨细胞的协同

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ)对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用是否需要成骨细胞的协同.方法 体外培养MC3T3小鼠成骨细胞及NF-κB受体的配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)诱导分化成熟的破骨细胞,分别给予重组人胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(rhIGF-Ⅰ)进行干预,Western印迹检测IGF-Ⅰ受体的活化情况.以0、10 ng/ml的rhIGF-Ⅰ直接干预破骨细胞或与成骨细胞在Transwell双层培养板中共培养的破骨细胞,MTT法测定破骨细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测破骨细胞凋亡率;实时PCR检测组织蛋白酶K基因的表达.将不同方式干预的破骨细胞接种在骨磨片上,光镜观察骨吸收陷窝的形成.结果 在成骨细胞、破骨细胞表面均检测到可被IGF-Ⅰ激活的IGF-Ⅰ受体.仅在成骨细胞、破骨细胞共培养时rhIGF-Ⅰ能够促进破骨细胞活细胞的增殖(P＜0.05);抑制破骨细胞的凋亡(P＜0.05);上调组织蛋白酶K基因的表达(P＜0.05);增加骨吸收陷窝的数量及面积.IGF-Ⅰ对单独培养的破骨细胞则作用不明显.结论 IGF-Ⅰ对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用需要成骨细胞的协同.