Chronic Fatigue: A Survey, Outcome Study and Proposals

Background:  Sample sizes in studies of childhood chronic fatigue remain small and there is a need to integrate research findings and establish common criteria.
Method:  This is a detailed report of 20 children with medically unexplained fatigue, referred to as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). It includes an uncontrolled outcome study of treatment based on a pragmatic cognitive-behavioural model adapted for children at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.
Results:  The data revealed psychological distress at 30 times the prevalence found in the normal child population, with specific high-ranking symptoms, including headache, social withdrawal and decreased appetite. Onset tended to occur at 11 years of age with some earlier problems at school age, suggesting it might be possible to identify those most at risk. Follow-up demonstrated improvement in 87% of the sample (parental report), a significant increase in school attendance and a significant decrease in symptom severity. Factors associated with good outcome were short duration of fatigue (less than a year) and behaviours that tended to combat the cycle of avoidance, such as carefully planned home-tuition.
Conclusions:  Recording a comprehensive range of symptoms and factors facilitates comparisons within and between child studies. It is proposed that symptom severity is a particularly relevant measure for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome which is characterised by persisting symptoms.     

颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖与临床应用

目的进行颞下锁孔入路解剖学研究,探讨其临床应用价值.方法取甲醛固定的成人尸头标本15例(30侧),采用神经内镜辅助的显微外科技术进行颞下锁孔手术解剖学研究.并采用该入路手术切除8例颅内肿瘤.结果颞下锁孔入路可以充分暴露鞍上区、脚间窝、岩斜区及脑干腹外侧区的神经、血管结构;岩骨尖最大磨除面积为306mm2.肿瘤全切除7例(87.5%).结论经颞下锁孔入路能很好地处理鞍上、岩斜区、脚间窝以及脑干腹外侧区的病变.     

颞部-颌下联合进路切除咽旁颞下区巨大肿瘤(附2例报道)

[目的]探讨切除侵犯中颅窝的咽旁颞下区巨大肿瘤安全而彻底的手术进路.利用颞部切口可充分暴露中颅窝底和颞下窝以及颌下进路显露咽旁区解剖的特点,联合进路切除2例咽旁颞下区巨大肿瘤.2例侵犯中颅窝底的咽旁颞下区肿瘤顺利切除,患者术中组织损伤、出血量相对较少,术后无严重并发症.[结论]颞部-颌下联合进路适合于侵犯中颅窝底的咽旁颞下区肿瘤的手术切除.     

三种颈前路钢板重建对维持颈椎曲度和高度的比较

目的对3种不同颈椎前路钢板系统重建并维持颈椎融合节段曲度和高度的作用进行比较.方法 2002年1月～2004年6月,行颈前路减压,自体髂骨植骨,钢板内固定术122例;男85例,女37例,年龄14～70岁.根据采用Orion、Zephir、Codman 3种颈椎前路钢板系统分为A组37例、B组39例及C组46例.于术前、术后1周和随访时摄颈椎侧位X线片,测量融合节段的曲度和高度,并比较其变化及3组间差异.结果术后患者均获随访6～35个月,平均17.3个月.术后6个月3组患者术段颈椎均获骨性融合.且术后1周时颈椎融合节段曲度和高度较术前明显改善(P＜0.05),但最后1次随访时和术后1周比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 3种钢板系统均能有效重建并维持颈椎融合节段曲度和高度,近期效果优良.     

枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路三叉神经内镜解剖学研究

目的 为经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路行神经内镜三叉神经痛微血管减压术提供解剖学依据。方法 测量28具干性颅骨表面标志位置关系，确定枕下乙状窦后锁孔位置；在15具尸头上采用内镜模拟手术，观察入路中主要神经、血管等解剖标志的分支、变异情况和周期毗邻关系。结果 ①以星点-乳突尖连线中点为圆心作2.0cm直径的骨窗，可以充分显露桥小脑角区。②采用不同角度内用神经内镜可以减少对脑神经、脑干、小脑的牵拉，能够更好地显露小脑角结构，准确确定责任血管。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的定位诊断与手术径路选择的初步研究——附10例报告

收治10例原发性醛固酮增多症。所有病例术前均经B超、CT扫描、血管造影及取肾上腺静脉血测醛固酮浓度4种定位方法检查。CT扫描和取肾上腺静脉血样分别获得75％和71.4％的肾上腺腺瘤诊断准确率。综合上述4种方法,7侧术前做出腺瘤定位诊断,其中5例获得术中和病理组织学证实,定位准确率为71.4％。并对手术入路的选择进行讨论,单侧腰切口仍然不能代替经腹切口。     

改良哈氏棒治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的生物力学分析

本实验应用电测法和运动测定技术,在8具防腐脊柱标本上进行改良哈氏棒、哈氏棒和狄克钉三种器材对胸腰段脊柱骨折固定的力学测试。实验结果显示:改良哈氏棒在稳定性、抗轴向载荷和抗旋转方面均优于另2种材料,虽然传统哈氏棒、狄克钉固定脊柱骨折有一定控制作用,但由于其自身结构的稳定性缺陷,削弱了它们的固定作用。     

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator:the end of the thoracotomy approach

Internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation has become a standard therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias. A simple and safe surgical implantation technique is therefore mandatory in this high risk population. In a 30-month period 86 patients received 87 ICD devices. An endocavitary lead system was used as first choice in 62 patients and defibrillation thresholds (DFT) of 25 joules (J) or less were obtained in 57 patients. A thoracotomy approach was avoided using a biphasic shock wave form in 17 patients and the addition of a subcutaneous (sc) patch in 11 patients or wire array lead in 9 patients. There was one early non-technique related death (1.7%) after the transvenous approach. Reoperation was necessary in three patients with lead complications and in two patients for local device problems (one migration, one infection). With the recent progress in ICD technology, a thoracotomy approach could be avoided for the last 52 patients. For comfort and cosmetic reasons left subcostal insertion of the device has been successfully used in the last 50 patients. We conclude that the nonthoracotomy approach can now be offered to all patients in need for an ICD as a consequence of the technological progress made in the field of electric treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. A stepwise approach with a minimum of implanted hardware and the use of biphasic shock systems now offers a simple and efficient treatment alternative with very low perioperative risk. Internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation in combination with open heart procedures can easily be avoided.     

Electrocatalytic dehalogenation of organohalides on a nickel(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complex-modified graphite felt electrode

Electrocatalytic dehalogenation of organohalides was studied using a nickel(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complex-modified graphite felt electrode. The nickel(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complex-modified graphite felt electrode was prepared by attaching nickel(II) (6-(2′-hydroxyethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)perchlorate chemically to the carboxyl groups of a thin poly(acrylic acid) layer coated on the graphite felt. The modified electrode gave a reversible electron transfer for the nickel(II)/nickel(I) redox couple in cyclic voltammetry at ?0.95 V versus Ag/AgCl. A preparative electrocatalytic dehalogenation of organohalides was successfully achieved on the modified electrode with an adequate current efficiency (55.6–94.8%), conversion (34.2–100%) and turnover number of the Ni catalyst (667–3333).     

经蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤

目的:探讨采用经蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的临床疗效.方法:1990年3月至2002年12月采用经蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤493例(微腺瘤93例,大腺瘤301例,巨大腺瘤99例),其中经唇下-鼻中隔入路345例,经鼻小柱-鼻中隔入路99例,经单鼻孔入路49例.结果:肿瘤全切除269例(54.6％),次全切除117例(23.7％),部分切除107例(21.7％);术后视力及视野改善者占86.7％(268/309),内分泌指标改善者占73.8％(259/351),出现并发症43例(8.7％).结论:经蝶窦手术切除垂体腺瘤是安全有效的;大型垂体腺瘤可以采用分次经蝶窦手术治疗.