痛风患者的健康素养：一项关于东北地区中青年患者的质性研究

背景　痛风是一种代谢性疾病，可以并发肾、心脑血管等多器官疾病，目前痛风发病和预后的影响因素已经得到揭示，但鲜有通过质性研究方法全面评估痛风患者的疾病认知和健康素养状态。目的　探讨东北地区中青年痛风患者的健康素养，并了解痛风患者的一般感知能力及知识需求状况，为增强我国痛风患者的健康素养水平，改善其自身管理能力、提高痛风患者的生活质量提供理论依据。方法　招募2017年3月-2018年3月于大庆油田总医院、大庆市人民医院、大庆市第五医院3家医院确诊为痛风的中青年患者，信息饱和后停止招募，共招募13例患者。采用非结构式与半结构式访谈相结合的方式对患者资料进行收集，采用Colaizzi的现象学资料分析方法进行分析。结果　对访谈资料进行分析，提炼如下主题：痛风患者的疾病感知能力〔包括对痛风的认知及知晓情况较差；严重的疼痛可影响痛风患者的生活质量；自我感知导致疾病发作或加重的原因为饮食习惯及生活方式等〕、就诊状况及行为（包括首次发病对疾病认识缺乏；就医体验不良）、痛风药物管理计划（包括药物选择依从性低、治疗方案的知晓及应对差）、痛风非药物管理计划（包括生活方式的调整、社会资源互动、疾病信息挖掘）。结论　东北地区中青年痛风患者健康素养水平较低，对疾病相关信息获取途径单一，对疾病和治疗判断片面，因此不能有效进行疾病管理，阻碍医疗决策制定。提示根据需求状况、针对具体薄弱环节提升痛风患者的健康素养、提高知识水平对改善患者健康结局很有必要。     

The spatial dimensions of medication management by home-dwelling older adults after hospital discharge

Ageing in place raises pressing questions about medication practices at home. Understanding how medication practices are integrated into older adults’ domestic settings requires an interest in where activities linked to medication take place and why. This study aimed to describe the medication practices and spatial dimensions of medication management for home-dwelling older adults after hospital discharge, using a qualitative research design. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with ten older adults aged 65 years old or more and discharged home from hospital, together with nine informal caregivers. Thematic content analysis identified two main themes dealing with the spatial dimensions of medication management in this specific context: the process of integrating medication changes into routines and familiar spaces, and the individual and collective management of medication changes linked to a renegotiation of the boundaries between public and private spaces.     

艾灸联合弥可保治疗糖尿病周围神经病变40例

目的评价艾灸联合弥可保治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效。方法对糖尿病周围神经病变患者80例按1∶1比例等分为联合组和对照组,两组基于等同的基础治疗之上,联合组用艾灸联合弥可保治疗,对照组单纯用弥可保治疗,疗程3个月,比较治疗前后的神经传导速度变化和症状改善情况。结果联合组和对照组神经传导速度均改善,以联合组改善更明显;联合组和对照组显效、有效、无效分别是52.5%、32.5%、15.0%和35.0%、27.5%、37.5%,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论建立于基础治疗之上的艾灸联合弥可保治疗糖尿病周围神经病变优于单纯弥可保治疗。     

影响儿童语言和识字能力的研究进展

现代生活中 ,儿童的语言和识字受家庭认知环境的影响。近年来无论从流行病学的研究 ,还是干预或神经生物的研究 ,均证实儿童早期经验是日后语言和识字能力发展的基础。在早期经验中 ,最关键的是父母与孩子之间的语言交流。通过这样的交流 ,促进儿童早期的语言发育 ,也促进儿童学龄期的阅读理解。儿童保健医生处于独特的位置 ,即在常规保健中指导父母根据不同年龄儿童的发育水平 ,应用有关的技能技巧 ,促进儿童的语言和识字。     

Depression and mental health in neoliberal times: A critical analysis of policy and discourse

Depression has received increasing attention as a significant public health issue over the past ten years, both in Canada and elsewhere in the industrialized west. During the same period, many of the social and economic policies adopted by governments in these jurisdictions have reflected neoliberal goals and orientations. The purpose of this article is to explore the points of contact between these two features of contemporary social and political life in the industrialized west, using the Canadian province of British Columbia as an empirical site. My analysis draws on the Foucauldian literature on governmentality in presenting a close reading of provincial government documents concerned with depression and mental health literacy that have been produced since the election of the Liberal Party to office in British Columbia in 2001. This analysis identifies discourses of “responsibilization” circulating in these documents, within which individuals, families, communities and workplaces – rather than publicly-funded services – appear as key resources in responding to experiences of mental distress. It also points to a number of strategies visible in the documents that work to align the interests of individuals and their practitioners in pursuing particular approaches to treatment with a governing interest in reducing public spending on services and supports. The article concludes by identifying a number of resistive discourses and proposing further research in a range of empirical contexts within which they may be evident.     

上海社区老年人用药安全及影响因素分析

目的：了解上海社区老年人群的用药安全情况及其影响因素，方法：以整群抽样的方法抽取上海市黄浦区两个居民委员会2985名60岁以上的居民进行问卷调查，了解其疾病和用药情况，用药反应，对安全用药的知识，态度，行为，以及影响其用药行为的因素，结果：被调查中高血压、冠心病、消化系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病的患病率分别为35．93％、10．67％、5．70％和3．71％。抗高血压药，心脑血管病药，消化系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病的患病率分别为35．93％、10．67％、5．70％和3．71％，抗高血压药、心脑血管病药，消化系统药和抗生素的使用率分别为31．72％、16．20％、2．43％和2．11％，过去30天内，51．33％的被调查用过药物，用药不良反应发生率为2．06％，对用药安全的正确知识，态度，行为率分别为71．62％、69．39％及60．67％，影响药物选择的因素中医生占88．19％，结论：老年人的用药安全仍存在问题，有待改进，医生是影响老年人药选择的最主要因素。     

认知暴露疗法治疗创伤后应激障碍的研究

目的 探讨认知暴露疗法治疗创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的效果.方法 连续病例20名被随机分成两组,一组采取药物干预,另一组采用认知暴露疗法结合药物干预.疗效采用创伤后应激障碍症状清单量表(PCLS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI-Form Y)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)进行盲法评定.结果 药物治疗和结合治疗都在一定程度上改善了PTSD的症状,但是在再经历方面,结合治疗组下降稳定.其余各量表纵向效应明显.随访时用创伤后应激障碍症状清单量表(PCLS)进行测量,发现结合治疗组有两名被试已经不再符合PTSD诊断阶段,但是统计检验显示两治疗组之间并无差异.结论 认知暴露疗法有助于PTSD患者的心理康复.     

Computer science education for medical informaticians

The core curriculum in the education of medical informaticians remains a topic of concern and discussion. This paper reports on a survey of medical informaticians with Master's level credentials that asked about computer science (CS) topics or skills that they need in their employment. All subjects were graduates or "near-graduates" of a single medical informatics Master's program that they entered with widely varying educational backgrounds. The survey instrument was validated for face and content validity prior to use. All survey items were rated as having some degree of importance in the work of these professionals, with retrieval and analysis of data from databases, database design and web technologies deemed most important. Least important were networking skills and object-oriented design and concepts. These results are consistent with other work done in the field and suggest that strong emphasis on technical skills, particularly databases, data analysis, web technologies, computer programming and general computer science are part of the core curriculum for medical informatics.     

2018年四川省贫困县区居民健康素养监测结果分析

目的掌握四川省贫困地区居民的健康素养现况及其影响因素,为贫困地区居民健康素养的提升及健康扶贫工作的落实提供科学依据。方法采用分层多阶段、PPS、方便抽样相结合的方法,2018年在四川省88个贫困县区抽取18个县,对非集体居住的15~69岁常住人口进行健康素养问卷调查。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行t检验和单因素ANOVA分析,校验水准α=0.05。结果共调查四川省贫困地区5 797名居民,经过加权调整后,2018年四川省贫困地区居民具备健康素养的比例是1.5%;健康素养得分为(21.76±9.66)分,不同性别(t=4.221,P<0.001)、民族(t=18.900,P<0.001)、年龄组(F=2.952,P=0.012)、文化程度(F=10.941,P<0.001)、职业(F=3.152,P=0.001)、家庭常住人口数(F=3.232,P=0.040)、家庭人均年收入(F=4.581,P=0.003)的居民健康素养得分的差异具有统计学意义;具备基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、健康技能3个维度健康素养的比例分别是9.2%、13.7%和5.8%。结论 2018年四川省贫困地区居民健康素养水平较低,健康素养水平在不同人群特征的居民中表现出差异,应结合健康扶贫相关政策,加大健康教育工作力度,进一步提高贫困地区居民健康知识知晓率,健康技能掌握率和健康行为形成率,并针对健康知识、健康技能的掌握环节进行重点干预。