Anatomy of the hyoid apparatus in odontoceli (toothed whales): Specializations of their skeleton and musculature compared with those of terrestrial mammals

Background: The hyoid apparatus of odontocetes (toothed whales) serves as a major attachment point for many of the muscles and ligaments subserving breathing, swallowing, and sound production. Methods: This study examines the hyoid apparatus in 48 specimens of ten odontocete genera (Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus, Stenella, Delphinus, Tursiops, Grampus, Globicephala, Mesoplodon, Physeter, and Kogia) collected post mortem from beach strandings. Results: The odontocete hyoid apparatus, as that of their closest terrestrial relatives, the artiodactyls, is divisible into a basal portion (bashyal, paired thyrohyals) and a suspensory portion (paired ceratohyals, epihyals, stylohyals, and tympanohyals) connecting the basal portion to the skull base. Unlike other terrestrial mammals, the basal portion lies inferior to the laryngeal aditus, is flattened dorso-ventrally, and is relatively large, thus providing a broad surface area for muscle attachments. The suspensory elements are not as flattened and are joined by synovial joints (except for epihyal-stylohyal fusion). Muscular specializations include enlargement of those which retract the hyoid apparatus (e.g., sternohyoid) or control the tongue (e.g., styloglossus, hyoglossus). These muscles may be particularly important in a specialized prey capture behavior called suction feeding. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a tilted placement, which allows asymmetrical enlargement of the piriform sinuses. Asymmetry is also seen in the muscular attachment between the larynx and the hyoid apparatus. The most pronounced differences from the basic pattern are observed in two families: Physeteridae and Ziphiidae. Conclusions: The derived position and shape of the odontocete hyoid apparatus may have evolved to subserve several specialized upper respiratory/digestive tract functions, such as simultaneous feeding (suction and swallowing) and sound production. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Emigration of selected subsets of {gamma}{delta}+ T cells from the adult murine thymus

Cells bearing the form of the TCR make up only 1–3% ofT cells in the adult murine thymus and peripheral lymphold organs.Evidence from studies of nude mice suggests that the developmentof at least some T cells is thymus dependent; however, untilnow it has not been directly demonstrated that cells are exportedfrom the thymus. In this paper we have used the technique oflabelling thymocytes in vivo with FITC, followed by flow cytometrlcanalysis to trace cells emigrating from the thymus to the spleen.Using this approach we have been able to demonstrate for thefirst time that T cells are exported from the adult murinethymus to the spleen. We also demonstrate that the cells emigratingto the spleen are a selected subset of thymocytes being heatstable antigen positive, Thy-1⁺, and expressing low levels ofCD44 (Pgp-1). In addition, investigation of TCR V; gene usageamong adult ⁺ thymocytes, recent emigrants, and spleen cells,indicated a selective emigration of cells expressing certainVgenes.     

Deficient IFNα production in hairy cell leukemia

Summary Since the application of low doses of IFN-alpha is necessary to maintain remissions in Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) it is of interest whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) of HCL patients can be induced in vitro to produce IFN-alpha. 9 patients suffering from advanced HCL were included in the study. The diagnoses were confirmed by characteristic findings in peripheral blood and bone marrow biopsies. For IFN treatment we initially used natural IFN-alpha (Bioferon) and switched later to recombinant IFN-alpha₂ (Boehringer). MNC of 5 patients before IFN therapy and of 6 patients during IFN therapy (2–47 weeks) were induced by phythemagglutinin (PHA), Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.), and sendai virus (SV). PHA is known to induce IFN-gamma. Both, C.p. and SV induced IFN-alpha but no IFN-gamma in MNC of healthy controls and of IFN treated breast cancer patients. In HCL patients normal antiviral activities could be induced by PHA. Zero or only low antiviral activities could be induced in MNC from 9 patients tested on 22 occasions. It is concluded that MNC from patients with advanced HCL can be induced to produce IFN-gamma but no IFN-alpha. Since IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma is produced by monocytes it is likely that reduced numbers of monocytes which were found in our HCL patients before and during IFN treatment account for the described deficiency of IFN-alpha production.     

经典名方中石决明的本草考证

通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书及现代文献资料,笔者对经典名方中所用石决明药材进行系统本草考证,涉及名称、基原、产地、品质评价、采收加工及炮制等方面内容,以期为含石决明的经典名方开发提供依据。经考证可知,历代皆以石决明为正名,亦有以其功效、性状及近音字而命名的“千里光”“九孔螺”“珍珠母”等异名。唐代以前石决明药材动物基原因形态描述过于简练,仅能考订为鲍科鲍属动物;宋元明清时期主流基原为杂色鲍Haliotis diversicolor与皱纹盘鲍H. discus hannai;民国时期开始将鲍属多种动物作为石决明基原使用,品种繁杂并延续至今。古今我国国内主要产区为海南、广东及山东地区,国外产地主要为日本及越南。古籍中对石决明品质评价大致以呼水孔的开孔数量为准,以七孔和九孔的鲍壳为佳;近现代则以性状个大整齐、无破碎、内外洁净并有光彩、壳厚者为佳。基于考证结果,结合石决明散的记载年代,建议开发该经典名方时石决明药材使用杂色鲍H. diversicolor或皱纹盘鲍H. discus hannai的贝壳,且以生品入药。     

2016—2018年湖南省含乳冷冻饮品生产加工过程肠杆菌科和单核细胞增生李斯特菌监测

目的 了解含乳冷冻饮品生产加工过程中肠杆菌科和单核细胞增生李斯特菌(简称单增李斯特菌)的分布,分析其污染的来源。方法 对湖南省4家含乳冷冻饮品生产企业生产加工过程各个环节的样品进行监测,采用国家标准检测方法对肠杆菌科和单增李斯特菌进行检验,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulse field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)技术对分离的单增李斯特菌进行分子分型。结果 2016—2018年4家企业共监测1 132份样品。2018年66份终产品样品中肠杆菌科定量检测有超标现象(计数结果>100 CFU/g的样品有3份),同时检出2株单增李斯特菌。非食品样品中肠杆菌科检出率最高是工具类样品(48.0%)(χ²=28.440,P＜0.001),单增李斯特菌检出率最高是环境类样品(18.7%)(χ²=41.193,P＜0.001)。分离的102株单增李斯特菌共有11种PFGE带型,其中有6组分离株分别具有同源性。终产品中单增李斯特菌的污染主要来自环境定植菌株。结论 该研究对掌握含乳冷冻饮品生产加工过程肠杆菌科和单增李斯特菌的污染分布及终产品中单增李斯特菌的可能污染源有重要意义,提示企业应加强生产监管,完善生产加工过程中的卫生控制措施,防止潜在风险以保障冷冻饮品终产品的食用安全。     

2021年江苏省中药材生产统计分析

目的:对2021年江苏省中药材生产情况进行统计分析,为该省中药产业发展宏观管理和调控提供参考。方法:重点参考江苏省中药资源普查工作办公室、江苏省中药资源动态监测体系、国家中药材产业技术体系江苏相关岗站的实地调查数据,采用中药学、统计学与地理信息系统等领域的技术方法,对2021年江苏省全域中药材种植面积、品种,以及中药材产量、产值进行统计分析。结果:2021年,江苏省有68个县种植中药材,种植品种46种,种植面积共115.56万亩(1亩≈666.67 m^(2)),年产量54.06万t,年产值约69.38亿元。江苏省中药材种植面积及产量较大的地区主要分布在徐州市、盐城市、扬州市、南通市、泰州市和淮安市,占全省中药材种植总面积的97.72%。种植万亩以上的中药材有15种,种植面积达109.43万亩,占全省中药材种植面积的94.69%。本次统计中,江苏省乔木类中药材种植面积最大,种植面积为52.17万亩,占比45.14%;其次为草本类、藤本类、灌木类。江苏省重点中药材银杏、菊花、芡实、瓜蒌、黄蜀葵花和薄荷种植面积为40.97万亩,占全省中药材种植面积的37.44%;产量106336420 t,占全省中药材产量的19.66%。结论:本次统计结果反映了江苏省中药材的种植现状,为制定江苏省中药材生产及中药产业规划、调整农村中药材产业结构、建设中药材规范化种植基地提供科学依据,为促进中药资源信息化做出必要准备。     

2021年岷县主产中药材生产统计数据挖掘分析

目的:明确2021年岷县各乡镇主要中药材种植面积及其产量,分析岷县耕地海拔特征,统计其各乡镇合作社数量,为岷县中药材产业调控及发展提供参考。方法:利用空间自相关的方法分析岷县主产中药材当归、党参、黄芪的种植面积、产量在空间上的分布特征,同时分析岷县各乡镇土地利用类型、海拔、生产单位等的地理空间分布格局及不同类型变量间的相互影响规律。结果:据统计2021年岷县主产中药材(当归、党参、黄芪)共栽培36.8万亩(1亩≈666.67 m^(2)),栽培面积及产量最大的乡镇是梅川镇,最小的是马坞镇。经空间自相关分析各乡镇主产中药材除当归种植面积呈现离散分布,其余均为随机分布。岷县18个乡镇耕地面积(旱地)蒲麻镇>西江镇>闾井镇>清水镇>维新镇>禾驮镇>梅川镇>申都乡>中寨镇>锁龙乡>寺沟镇>十里镇>秦许乡>茶埠镇>麻子川镇>西寨镇>岷阳镇>马坞镇。岷县18个乡镇中梅川镇的合作社数量最多,达到185家。结论:有利于了解岷县各乡镇主产中药材种植面积及产量差异,为岷县主产中药材生产统计数据的分析模式构建、中药生产布局的优化提供参考。     

2021年四川省栽培中药材统计分析

目的:统计2021年四川省中药材栽培面积与产量。方法:利用统计学方法与相关分析方法,对2021年四川省中药材栽培情况及栽培中药材的种类、面积、产量、加工量等进行统计分析。结果:汇总四川省150个县区的统计数据,2021年全省栽培中药材品种208个,在地面积470.04万亩(1亩≈666.67 m^(2)),年度新增面积56.44万亩,产量为56.82万t,加工产量5410 t。结论:各地区中药材栽培与初加工产业发展不均衡,川东北地区发展较快,栽培中药材的种类多、产量大,初加工量也较大。     

基于精益六西格玛管理的门诊服务流程优化实践

目的探索精益六西格玛管理在综合医院门诊服务流程优化中的效果,提升门诊服务,改善患者就医体验。方法运用精益六西格玛管理体系5个阶段,选取2019年5—12月168万人次门诊患者为对照组、2020年1—8月120万人次门诊患者为观察组。对照组采用常规门诊管理,观察组采用精益六西格玛管理。比较两组门诊患者就诊时间、等候时间、取药时间、满意度。结果观察组门诊患者就诊时间、等候时间、取药时间均明显小于对照组,患者满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于精益六西格玛管理,门诊服务流程取得了较好的改进效果,不断优化门诊资源配置,患者满意度提高,最终得出一套适用于综合医院推广和借鉴的门诊服务优化流程。