2010-2012年马山县医疗机构消毒效果监测分析

目的了解医疗机构消毒、灭菌效果，为预防和控制医院感染提供依据。方法对2010-2012年马山县县乡级医疗机构消毒效果监测资料进行分析。结果2010-2012年合计检测各类监测对象765份，合格的703份，平均合格率为91．90％。检测合格率，2010～2012年分别为87．74％、92．67％、96．86％（P〈0．01）；县乡两级医疗机构分别为97．83％、87．56％（P〈0．01）；室内空气为95．00％，物体表面为97．30％，医护人员手为92．21％，使用中消毒液为98．94％，灭菌物品为70．71％，器械浸泡液为72．00％。结论马山县医疗机构消毒质量总体较好，灭菌物品和无菌器械保存液合格率较低。     

牙科手机消毒灭菌效果评价及损耗研究

目的 探讨清洗、消毒、灭菌环节对清除牙科手机外表面和内腔细菌、乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)的效果,及对其损耗的影响.方法 随机抽取手机40支,分别在其使用后的清洗前、清洗后、消毒后和灭菌后,检测其外表面和内腔细菌、HBsAg;调查其使用第1、2、3个月后的损耗情况.结果 手机使用后外表面和内腔均有细菌检出;清洗、消毒均不能完全清除外表面和内腔细菌,两者检出率差异均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);灭菌能完全清除外表面和内腔细菌,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.48,P=0.489).使用后手机表面和内腔HBsAg检出率达1 1.8％;清洗、消毒均不能完全清除外表面和内腔HBsAg,两者检出率差异均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);灭菌能完全清除外表面和内腔HBsAg.3个月中,每支手机均使用了90支次,第2个月有2支次手机维修,第3个月有1支次手机更换部件.结论 当前处理流程能给牙科手机有效灭菌但造成损耗,建议在清洗、消毒、灭菌时间等环节加以优化.     

ICU物体表面的消毒效果监测

目的了解ICU医护人员手频繁接触物体表面的消毒质量,提高管理者对ICU物体表面消毒重要性的认识,为加强医院感染的预防与控制提供科学依据。方法 2013年3-8月对重症医学科、急诊和神经外科重症监护病房医务人员手频繁接触物体表面的消毒效果进行目标性监测,数据分析应用SPSS 19.0软件处理。结果共采集各类标本468份,合格393份,合格率84.0%,其中消毒后2h304份,合格249份,合格率81.9%;消毒后8h164份,合格144份,合格率87.8%,二者之间消毒效果差异无统计学意义;目标性病原菌监测结果显示,以多药耐药菌为主,共检出病原菌80株,检出率较高的病原菌为鲍氏不动杆菌39株、金黄色葡萄球菌29株,分别占48.8%、36.3%,其中泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌34株、MRSA 28株,分别占87.2%、96.6%,肺炎克雷伯菌9株占11.2%。结论 ICU医护人员手频繁接触物体表面的日常清洁消毒质量有待提高,应强化医务人员手卫生管理,制定医务人员手频繁接触物体表面清洁与消毒的标准化操作规程,并加强规范的落实与监管。     

Photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans by curcumin in combination with EDTA

ObjectiveThis study aimed to test the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) mediated by curcumin with EDTA against Streptococcus mutans in planktonic suspension using blue LED light.MethodsAntibacterial activity of curcumin and EDTA was evaluated by determination of their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of various combination ratios of curcumin and EDTA against S. mutans. Cultures of S. mutans (18 h, 37 °C, 5% C0₂) were prepared to test the effect of curcumin-mediated PDI (50 μM and 500 μM) with or without 0.4% EDTA and 40 s of light-activation with blue light. EDTA and each concentration of curcumin were also tested individually. Chlorhexidine (0.2%), was used as positive control. Planktonic suspensions were also analyzed by viable colony counts (VCC), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe MIC values of curcumin and EDTA were 5 mM and 0.125% respectively. FICI showed a synergistic interaction between curcumin and EDTA. All the combinations with curcumin and blue LED light resulted in a complete inactivation of the S. mutans and CLSM confirms these results, TEM showed morphological changes produced by the PDI. No damage on DNA structure was detected by PCR.SignificanceCurcumin-mediated PDI with EDTA using a blue light, shows a strong inhibitory effect against S. mutans in planktonic culture. Because of the unspecific target mechanism, it could be a promising technique for disinfection of dental tissues.     

某三级甲等医院模拟肺细菌污染现况调查

目的：调查某三级甲等医院各科模拟肺细菌污染状况并进行分析,以减少院内感染率。方法将9个科室的14个模拟肺分别进行内口及外口采样,进行细菌培养鉴定。同时调查各科模拟肺管理、存放环境、使用频率、呼吸机管道消毒方法及呼吸机使用过程中是否存在脱机时连接模拟肺等情况。结果调查样本中有6个模拟肺内口、2个模拟肺外口检测出致病菌,以铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌、念珠地丝菌等为主。各科均未建立规范的模拟肺管理及消毒制度,导致模拟肺存放不规范。结论模拟肺细菌污染率高,消毒及管理不规范,临床管理者应采取针对性措施,以减少患者院内感染的发生。     

消毒供应中心实行集中管理及全程质控的实践与效果

目的探讨消毒供应中心(CSSD)实行集中管理及全程质控的效果。方法医院加强CSSD的硬件建设,培养员工的整体素质,对手术室、全院多个专科的手术器械及消毒物品通过及时回收、清洗、消毒、包装、灭菌、储存发放,加强对外来器械的管理,严格执行各项操作流程;并成立质控小组,开展全程质控工作。结果实行集中管理一年后的各项工作质量指标与实行集中管理前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CSSD只有实行集中管理及全程质控,才能为临床提供合格的无菌物品,保证医疗及护理质量。     

Is peracetic acid suitable for the cleaning step of reprocessing flexible endoscopes?

The bioburden(blood, protein, pathogens and biofilm) on flexible endoscopes after use is often high and its removal is essential to allow effective disinfection, es-pecially in the case of peracetic acid-based disinfect-ants, which are easily inactivated by organic material. Cleaning processes using conventional cleaners remove a variable but often sufficient amount of the biobur-den. Some formulations based on peracetic acid are recommended by manufacturers for the cleaning step. We performed a systematic literature search and re-viewed the available evidence to clarify the suitability of peracetic acid-based formulations for cleaning flex-ible endoscopes. A total of 243 studies were evaluated. No studies have yet demonstrated that peracetic acid-based cleaners are as effective as conventional clean-ers. Some peracetic acid-based formulations have dem-onstrated some biofilm-cleaning effects and no biofilm-fixation potential, while others have a limited cleaning effect and a clear biofilm-fixation potential. All published data demonstrated a limited blood cleaning effect and a substantial blood and nerve tissue fixation potential of peracetic acid. No evidence-based guidelines on reproc-essing flexible endoscopes currently recommend using cleaners containing peracetic acid, but some guidelines clearly recommend not using them because of their fixa-tion potential. Evidence from some outbreaks, especially those involving highly multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, indicated that disinfection using peracetic acid may be insufficient if the preceding cleaning step is not performed adequately. Based on this review we conclude that peracetic acid-based formulations should not be used for cleaning flexible endoscopes.     

以苄索氯胺和异丙醇为主要有效成分的消毒剂对牙科印模精度的影响

目的:探究以苄素氯胺和异丙醇为主要有效成分的消毒剂(Cavicide)对于牙科印模精度的影响。方法:体外试验评价Cavicide消毒剂对藻酸盐、聚醚橡胶和硅橡胶3种印模材料消毒后对印模精度的影响。应用高精度模型扫描仪(IScan D103i, Imetric)将标准模型数字化,使用藻酸盐、聚醚橡胶和硅橡胶材料分别制取标准模型的印模各30个,并将每种印模材料的30个印模随机平均分为3组,每组10个印模。在印模制取完成后,3组分别采用仅清水冲洗15 s(空白对照组,BC组)、2%(质量分数)戊二醛溶液浸泡30 min(戊二醛组,GD组)、Cavicide溶液表面喷洒5 min(Cavicide组,CC组)。采用模型扫描仪扫描印模,获得印模的数字化模型。在三维分析软件中,将印模扫描图像与标准模型的数字化模型进行配准,采用RMS作为评价印模与标准模型间偏差的参数。采用单因素方差分析比较3组间偏差,保存偏差的色谱图进行可视化分析。结果:聚醚橡胶及硅橡胶印模材料,3组间差异均无统计学意义(P=0.933,P=0.827);藻酸盐印模材料,GD组与BC组、GD组与CC组间差异均具有统计学意义(GD与 BC,P=0.001,GD与CC,P=0.002), BC组与CC组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.854)。结论:Cavicide喷洒消毒对聚醚橡胶、硅橡胶和藻酸盐印模的精度均未见影响。     

Effect that an educational program for cystic fibrosis patients and caregivers has on the contamination of home nebulizers

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the pathogens found in home nebulizers and in respiratory samples of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and to evaluate the effect that a standardized instruction regarding cleaning and disinfection of nebulizers has on the frequency of nebulizer contamination.

METHODS:

We included 40 CF patients (22 males), all of whom used the same model of nebulizer. The median patient age was 11.2 ± 3.74 years. We collected samples from the nebulizer mouthpiece and cup, using a sterile swab moistened with sterile saline. Respiratory samples were collected by asking patients to expectorate into a sterile container or with oropharyngeal swabs after cough stimulation. Cultures were performed on selective media, and bacteria were identified by classical biochemical tests. Patients received oral and written instructions regarding the cleaning and disinfection of nebulizers. All determinations were repeated an average of two months later.

RESULTS:

Contamination of the nebulizer (any part) was detected in 23 cases (57.5%). The nebulizer mouthpiece and cup were found to be contaminated in 16 (40.0%) and 19 (47.5%), respectively. After the standardized instruction had been given, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of contaminated nebulizers (43.5%).

CONCLUSIONS:

In our sample of CF patients, nebulizer contamination was common, indicating the need for improvement in patient practices regarding the cleaning and disinfection of their nebulizers. A one-time educational intervention could have a significant positive impact.