选择性膀胱部分切除术联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效及预后影响因素

目的探讨选择性膀胱部分切除术（PC）联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌（MIBC）疗效及预后影响因素。方法回顾性收集本院收治的55例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者临床资料,所有患者均接受PC联合膀胱灌注化疗治疗,并进行随访观察5年癌特异性生存率、总生存率和复发率,先采用单因素分析5年癌特异性生存率的可能影响因素后行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果55例患者随访时间10~60个月,中位随访时间44个月,5年癌特异性生存率、总生存率和复发率分别为72.73%（40例）、61.82%（34例）和30.91%（17例）;χ2检验显示,年龄≥60岁、T3分期、有膀胱肿瘤史、肿瘤多发、肿瘤≥5cm患者5年癌特异性生存率显著降低,而联合输尿管再植术（UR）治疗患者5年癌特异性生存率显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤≥5cm,肿瘤多发,T3分期是肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的危险因素,会降低癌特异性生存率,而联合UR治疗则是其保护因素,能增加癌特异性生存率。结论PC联合膀胱灌注化疗是治疗MIBC可行的保留膀胱术式,联合UR治疗可以改善预后,而肿瘤≥5cm、多发以及T3分期的患者5年癌特异性生存率明显降低,不推荐行保留膀胱手术。     

T型原位回肠新膀胱:尿动力学与上尿路功能初步评价

目的 评价T型原位回肠新膀胱尿动力学特征及对上尿路功能的影响.方法 2004年6月至2009年9月,90例T2a～T4a膀胱肿瘤患者接受根治性膀胱切除加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术,采用肌酐测定、超声、膀胱造影、静脉尿路影或增强CT等方法进行上尿路功能的检查,对患者进行尿控情况的随访与尿动力学评价.结果 术后3周拔除导尿管之前行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢,4例(4.4%)输入袢显示清楚,但未见输尿管显示,其他均未见反流.上尿路超声、静脉尿路造影或CT检查,提示18例(20.0%)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的暂时性轻度扩张,其中1例(1.1%)出现术后一过性肾功能不全,肌酐最高达57 mg/L,但在随访过程中肾盂输尿管恢复正常形态;4例(4.4%)术后3年出现双侧肾盂输尿管轻度扩张,但肾功能保持正常;其他患者血尿素氮、肌酐均在正常范围之内.日间94.4%(85/90)患者能完全控尿,5.6%(5/90)控尿满意,满意率达100%;夜间41.1%(37/90)患者完全控尿,41.1%(37/90)控尿满意,17.8%(16/90)控尿不满意,满意率达82.2%.尿动力学结果显示,平均灌注末压力为(16±10)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),最大膀胱容量为(316±96)ml;排尿呈腹压排尿模式,最高压力为(87±25)cm H2O,平均最大尿流率为(17±10)ml/s,残余尿量为(33±29)ml.结论 T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,充分保护了上尿路功能;新膀胱具有良好顺应性,患者控尿能力、尿流率及残余尿量也令人满意.     

Perioperative outcomes and survival of radical cystectomy as a function of body mass index

AIM: To evaluate the perioperative and long term outcomes of cystectomy in obese patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 580 patients for whom radical cystectomy (RC) was performed for primary urothelial bladder cancer between November 1996-April 2013 at a single institution. Body mass index (BMI) was available for 424 patients who were categorized as underweight (< 18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obese (≥ 30). Baseline demographics, perioperative outcomes, and survival were assessed. Overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Medians were compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ² test. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the Software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 20 (International Business Machines SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States). RESULTS: The median age of all patients was 69 years (inter-quartile range 60-75) and median follow-up was 23.4 mo (8.7-55.1). Patients were characterized as underweight [9, (2.1%)], normal [113, (26.7%)], overweight [160, (37.8%)], or obese [142, (33.5%)]. Estimated blood loss during RC was higher in the obese group (800 mL) as compared to the normal weight group (500 mL). However, need for transfusion (47.7% vs 52.1%), number of lymph nodes resected (32 vs 30), length of stay (9 d vs 8 d), and 30-d readmission (29.7% vs 25.2%) between obese and normal BMI patients were similar. Obese patients underwent ileal neobladder diversion in 42% of cases, compared to 24% of normal BMI patients (0.003). Normal BMI and obese patients had comparable urinary incontinence (21.4% vs 25.6%, P = 0.343), and need for intermittent catheterization (14.3% vs 5.2%, P = 0.685) at 2 years follow-up. Overall survival was better in obese compared to normal BMI patients on univariate analysis, with median survival of 67 mo vs 37 mo, respectively (P = 0.031). Disease specific survival in these populations followed the same Kaplan Meier curve, with the obese group having a significantly improved OS, P = 0.016. Underweight patients had a significantly worse prognosis, with a median overall survival of 19 mo (P = 0.018). Disease specific survival was significantly worse in the underweight group compared to the obese group, P = 0.007. On multivariate analysis underweight patients remained at increased risk for death (HR = 3.1, P = 0.006), as were older patients (HR = 1.6, P = 0.006), those with multiple nodal metastases (HR = 3.7, P = 0.007), and those who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 2.0, P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Perioperative outcomes and survival following RC in obese patients is comparable with non-obese patients. Underweight patients have the worst OS and DSS.     

Cost effectiveness of robot-assisted urologic oncological surgery in the United States

Urology has been on the forefront of technological advances in minimally invasive surgery, from laparoscopy to robot-assisted surgeries. As with all new technological advances in medicine, the results of new advances are compared to previously established gold standards. When it comes to robot-assisted urology, morbidity, oncological outcomes, and cost between the same surgeries performed in an open fashion vs with robot-assistance should be assessed. Because healthcare spending is increasingly under more scrutiny, there is debate on the cost effectiveness of robot-assisted surgeries given the high acquisition and maintenance cost of robotic systems. This articles aims to critically evaluate the cost effectiveness of robot-assisted surgeries for prostatectomies, cystectomies, and partial nephrectomies in the United States.     

根治性膀胱全切手术及尿流改道方式对高龄患者围手术期并发症的影响

目的：分析根治性膀胱全切的不同手术方式对高龄患者围手术期并发症的影响。方法： 回顾北京大学第一医院泌尿外科2003年1月至2015年1月期间接受根治性膀胱全切手术的患者共1 432例,年龄大于75岁的高龄患者239例（中位年龄78岁）,其中74例患者（31.0%）出现了围手术期并发症。根据手术方式的不同患者可分为回肠膀胱组和输尿管皮肤造口组,回肠膀胱组包括经腹腹腔镜和经腹开放膀胱全切回肠膀胱术两种术式,输尿管皮肤造口组包括经腹开放、经腹膜外开放、经腹腹腔镜膀胱全切输尿管皮肤造口3种术式,比较不同术式对高龄患者围手术期并发症的影响。结果： 单因素分析结果显示,高龄患者出现围手术期并发症的相关因素包括年龄（P=0.012）、美国麻醉师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）评分（P=0.001）、淋巴结分期（P=0.043）和手术方式。有围手术期并发症发生的患者住院时间明显延长（中位住院时间34 d vs. 21 d,P=0.002）。不同手术方式中,回肠膀胱组的围手术期并发症发生率高于输尿管皮肤造口术组（P=0.013）,但经腹腹腔镜和经腹开放膀胱全切回肠膀胱术两种术式的围手术期并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0.836）;经腹开放、经腹膜外开放、经腹腹腔镜膀胱全切输尿管皮肤造口3种术式之间并发症的发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0.022）。多因素回归分析显示,年龄大于85岁（OR=4.856,95% CI：1.465~16.103,P=0.010）、ASA评分（P=0.008）和不同手术方式（P=0.016）与高龄患者围手术期并发症的发生存在相关性。结论： 高龄患者接受根治性膀胱全切手术的围手术期并发症发生与患者年龄、术前ASA评分和手术方式存在相关性,经腹膜外开放膀胱全切输尿管皮肤造口术的围手术期并发症发生率低,对于高龄患者是一种合适的手术方案。     

咀嚼口香糖对膀胱全切尿流改道术后肠道康复的影响

目的：观察咀嚼口香糖对膀胱全切尿流改道术患者术后肠道康复的影响。方法:选取2014年11月至2015年11月间北京大学第一医院泌尿外科收治的60例行膀胱全切尿流改道术（回肠膀胱术）的患者,将入组患者随机分入口香糖咀嚼组、安慰剂对照组（腹部理疗仪治疗）和空白对照组,记录患者术后恢复肛门排气时间、腹胀或腹痛的发生率以及肠道相关并发症的发生情况,并进行比较。结果：口香糖咀嚼组患者术后肠蠕动恢复时间比非口香糖咀嚼组显著提前,3组间肠道相关并发症差异没有统计学意义。结论：咀嚼口香糖可以促进膀胱全切回肠尿流改道患者手术后肠道功能的康复,方法简便安全,可以作为术后常规辅助治疗。     

AMH after laparoscopic surgery of the ovaries: a review

Abstract

Operative laparoscopy compared with laparotomy has been established as the gold standard surgical approach in treating ovarian cysts. However, the safety of a laparoscopic cystectomy has been questioned in what has to do with the subsequent damage to the ovarian reserve of the operated ovary. One of the best available methods to determine ovarian reserve, due to its biochemical and pathological characteristics is anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH). With this study, we are reviewing currently available studies examining the effect laparoscopic operations have on AMH levels.