一日龄高原牦牛肺泡组织结构特征

目的 探讨1日(d)龄高原牦牛肺泡组织结构特点及其与高原低氧适应性的关系. 方法 1d龄高原牦牛和1d龄平原黄牛各5头,HE染色、光镜、透射电镜观察和形态测量学分析. 结果 1d龄高原牦牛肺泡较同日龄平原黄牛扩张充分,肺组织中有大量类似肺泡囊的囊状结构,囊内可见大量 "芽"状结构,同日龄平原黄牛肺组织中少见此种结构;高原牦牛肺泡中Ⅱ型肺泡细胞数量较多,肺泡腔内可见大量排出的板层小体.高原牦牛单位面积内的肺泡数(MAN)较1d龄平原黄牛少(P<0.05),但单个肺泡的面积(MSAA)、肺泡隔厚度(MAST)和单位面积内的肺泡面积(SA)均大于平原黄牛的相应值(P<0.05);高原牦牛气-血屏障的算术平均厚度较平原黄牛大(P<0.05),但气-血屏障调和平均厚度两者差异不显著(P>0.05). 结论 1d龄高原牦牛的肺泡发育较平原黄牛完善.高原牦牛肺泡数将以"芽生"的形式快速增加.高原牦牛出生时肺泡相对完善的发育和肺泡数的快速增加以及肺泡隔相对较厚且厚薄不均等组织学特点是高原牦牛能很好适应高原低氧环境的组织学基础.     

Characterisation of epidermal lipid composition and skin morphology of animal skin ex vivo

Epidermal lipids and skin morphology are assumed to substantially influence skin permeability. Although these parameters have been studied extensively, available data are hard to interpret as data have been gathered at different experimental conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide detailed information on these parameters for four different mammalian skin types.Lipids were extracted from heat separated epidermis, the total epidermal lipid content was measured and the epidermal lipid composition was quantitatively determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Furthermore, vertical and horizontal cryostate skin slices were analysed by light microscopy for thickness of the horny layer, epidermal thickness, density, depth of anchorage and diameter of the hair follicles.The highest total epidermal lipid content was detected in rat epidermis, followed by bovine udder, dog and pig epidermis. Considering the amount of single lipid fractions, cholesterol, cholesteryl ester and free fatty acids were found to be the major constituents of epidermal lipids in all the examined species. However, as confirmed by hierarchical cluster analysis the epidermal lipid profile and morphology showed marked differences between all the examined species.     

Ultrastructural findings in maple syrup urine disease in Poll Hereford calves

Summary Ultrastructural findings in the nervous systems of two Poll Hereford calves affected with maple syrup urine disease or branched chain ketoacid decarboxylase deficiency are described. The calves were affected within 2 days of birth with a severe generalised central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterised by dullness and weakness, progressing to recumbency and opisthotonus. The urine had an odour of burnt sugar. Analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated significantly elevated levels of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. Status spongiosus affecting mainly the white matter was recorded at microscopic examination of the CNS, with ultrastructural examination confirming the presence of intramyelinic vacuole formation, suggesting myelin oedema.Supported in part by a Wool Research Trust Fund postgraduate scholarship to one of us (P.A.W.H.)     

The role of the bone marrow in bovine trypanotolerance I. Changes in blood and bone marrow inTrypanosoma congolense-infected cattle

This study compared the changes in the bone marrow (BM) of five trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle with those of four trypanosusceptible Boran cattle during trypanosome infection. In the early parasitaemic phase, from 12 to 21 days postinfection (DPI), tsetsetransmitted primaryTrypanosoma congolense IL 1180 infection induced parasitaemia, slight depression in packed cell volume (PCV), marked leucopenia due to lymphocytopenia and eosinopenia, and thrombocytopenia which were of similar intensity in Boran and N'Dama cattle. However, from 28 DPI until the end of the experiment on 112 DPI, the parasitaemia was higher in the Boran than in the N'Dama. Severe anaemia and leucopenia characterised by lymphopenia, neutropenia, eosinopenia and monocytopenia persisted in Boran cattle. In contrast, the PCV values dropped gradually in N'Dama cattle and from 77 DPI recovered slowly to values just below preinfection levels by 112 DPI. The total and differential leucocyte counts of the N'Dama cattle stabilised at approximately two-thirds of preinfection values between 28 and 112 DPI, and were double those of the Boran. Marked thrombocytopenia occurred in both breeds. The anaemia was initially macrocytic hypochromic but terminally became microcytic hypochromic in both breeds. Light and electron microscopic studies of sequential biopsies of the BM of these animals showed that the BM response was the key to these differences between the N'Dama and Boran. The biopsies of the BM of the N'Dama cattle were hypercellular (scored 4.5±1.0 compared to 4.0 for controls) with mild hyperplasia of erythroid cells and mild hypoplasia of myeloid cells from 28 to 112 DPI, endowing the animals with higher haemopoietic potential that enabled them to replace most lost cells. In contrast, the Boran cattle had hypocellular (scored 2.4±1.1) BM biopsies with relative erythroid hyperplasia and myeloid hypoplasia, resulting in low capacity of cell replacement manifested as severe unremitting anaemia and leucopenia. The BM of both breeds showed moderate hyperplasia of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Therefore, this study showed, for the first time, that BM response is a key determinant factor of trypanotolerance as it determines the animal's capability for blood cell regeneration.     

碳水化合物对牛体外受精胚胎体外发育的影响

目的　在SOF +PVA(合成输卵管液 +聚乙烯醇 )这一化学成分明确培养系统条件下 ,观察了葡萄糖、丙酮酸和乳酸三种碳水化合物对牛体外受精胚胎体外发育的影响 ,以便为今后进一步探讨影响牛早期胚胎体外发育的因素提供实验依据。方法　牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精后 ,在化学成分明确培养系统内进行体外发育培养。结果　实验 1将牛体外受精卵培养于不含有葡萄糖的SOF +PVA培养系统中 ,培养 12 0h后分别移入含有 0、1 5 0、3 30、5 0 0mmol L的SOF +PVA培养系统中 ,对照组胚胎一直在含有 1 5 0mmol L葡萄糖的SOF +PVA中培养 ,结果囊胚的发育率分别为 9 2 % a、12 1%、19 2 % b、18 9%和 11 7% (a 相似文献   

人脾与牛脾中SSA抗原效价的比较

目的 比较人脾及牛脾中干燥综合征A型（SSA）抗原的效价。为临床检验及研究提供价廉方便的组织原料。方法 利用丙酮粉法制成人脾及牛脾粗抗原，用免疫扩散（ID）方法比较两种粗抗原中SSA的效价。结果 人脾丙酮粉提取物中SSA抗原效价为1：32，牛脾丙酮粉提取物中SSA抗原效价为1：16。筛查患者血清抗SSA抗体阳性率相同。结论 人脾中SSA抗原效价高于牛脾，就临床应用而言，牛脾具有相似的效果。因此牛脾是一个经济且理想的制备SSA抗原的组织原料。     

Vaccination of bovines against Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis)

Hydatid disease is an important human zoonosis. Humans become infected from carnivores that are infected with the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. Carnivores become infected after consuming hydatid cysts from grazing animals, which are generally sheep, goats and cattle. A vaccine, known as EG95, can protect sheep and goats against cystic echinococcosis. This paper describes the adaptation of the EG95 vaccine for use in cattle. The monitoring of results used serology and also infection with E. granulosus eggs, followed by necropsy. Immunisation with living E. granulosus oncospheres showed that cattle could be immunised against E. granulosus. Immunisation of cattle with EG95 plus QuilA was also successful. A dose-response and adjuvant trial showed best results were achieved with 250 μg of antigen and 5mg of the adjuvant QuilA, which was 5 times the recommended sheep dose. After two vaccinations given one month apart, 90% protection was maintained for 12 months. At 12 months a third vaccination boosted protection to 99% which was maintained for a further 11 months.     

Effect of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine on transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in mid term pregnant ewes and heifers

The effect of vaccination with a commercial inactivated Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) vaccine on the ability of BTV-8 to cross the ruminant placenta was investigated in two experiments. Ten pregnant ewes (Experiment 1) or heifers (Experiment 2) were vaccinated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three weeks after the completion of the vaccination schedule, all vaccinated animals were infected with BTV-8 together with ten non-vaccinated pregnant animals that served as challenged controls. Four additional pregnant animals received a mock challenge at the same time point. Three weeks after the challenge, the foetuses were collected. In the sheep experiment, the lambs of the vaccinated ewes and the mock infected ewes were negative in the virus isolation, whereas BTV-8 could be isolated from 11/23 lambs of 6/10 ewes in the BTV-8 challenged control group. The incidence and severity of BTV associated lesions, such as haemorrhages, meningitis/encephalitis and necrosis in the placentomes was significantly higher in the BTV-8 challenged control group. The rate of transplacental transmission was less in the cattle experiment: BTV-8 could be detected in 2/10 calves in the BTV-8 challenged control group. All other calves were negative.Vaccination clearly reduced transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in the sheep experiment, whereas in the cattle experiment, the incidence of transmission was too low to demonstrate a significant reduction of transmission by vaccination. However, the vaccine very effectively blocked viraemia, which suggests that the vaccine might prevent transmission in cattle as well.Transplacental transmission of BTV has serious economical consequences, due to the loss of progeny to the livestock industry. Vaccination can be an important aid in the reduction of these economic losses.     

Efficacy of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 against Hyalomma dromedarii and Amblyomma cajennense tick infestations in camels and cattle

The recombinant Bm86-based tick vaccines have shown their efficacy for the control of cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. annulatus infestations. However, cattle ticks often co-exist with multi-host ticks such as Hyalomma and Amblyomma species, thus requiring the control of multiple tick infestations for cattle and other hosts. Vaccination trials using a R. microplus recombinant Bm86-based vaccine were conducted in cattle and camels against Hyalomma dromedarii and in cattle against Amblyomma cajennense immature and adult ticks. The results showed an 89% reduction in the number of H. dromedarii nymphs engorging on vaccinated cattle, and a further 32% reduction in the weight of the surviving adult ticks. In vaccinated camels, a reduction of 27% and 31% of tick engorgement and egg mass weight, respectively was shown, while egg hatching was reduced by 39%. However, cattle vaccination with Bm86 did not have an effect on A. cajennense tick infestations. These results showed that Bm86 vaccines are effective against R. microplus and other tick species but improved vaccines containing new antigens are required to control multiple tick infestations.     

脑苷肌肽注射液治疗血管性痴呆的疗效观察

目的观察脑苷肌肽注射液(商品名：凯洛欣)治疗血管性痴呆(VD)的疗效和不良反应。方法82例VD患者随机分为治疗组(40例)和对照组(42例),治疗组给予凯洛欣16ml加5%葡萄糖溶液500ml静脉滴注,1次/d；对照组给予胞二磷胆碱0．75mg加5%葡萄糖溶液500ml静脉滴注,1次/d,疗程均为2周,观察两组患者治疗前后临床神经功能缺损程度及MMSE、HDS评分。结果两组患者疗效间差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0．01)。治疗组神经功能缺损程度评分及MMSE、HDS均优于对照组(P＜0．05),且无明显不良反应。结论脑苷肌肽作为治疗VD的有效药物,为血管性痴呆的治疗提供了新途径。