Ultrastructural synaptology of Clarke's column

Summary An electron microscopic analysis of the synapses in Clarke's column of the cat, using fresh short term degeneration, long term degeneration for detection of the persisting elements, and a newly devised two-step degeneration technique using fresh short term degeneration for further analysis of the persisting synaptic elements in chronic degeneration cases. — Three kinds of synaptic terminals can be identified in the lower part (L₃ segmental level) of Clarke's column: (1) very large (so-called giant) axon terminals with spheric vesicles of primary muscle afferents establishing multiple (climbing-type) contacts mainly with the large dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurons; (2) small bouton-type terminals having spheric synaptic vesicles and originating mainly from spinal interneurons, localized below L₄ in the lumbar enlargement and contacting small distal dendrites and cell bodies of small cells; (3) two types of nerve terminals, originating from local neurons, and characterized by flattened vesicles. One type of (3) contacts mainly the large Clarke neurons directly, whereas the other establishes axo-axonic synapses with the giant terminals (1) of primary muscle affer ents. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.     

Retinal projections to the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex in intact and early visual cortex lesioned cats

In intact cats, it is generally considered that the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-pulvinar) does not receive direct retinal terminals, with the exception of the retino-recipient zone known as the geniculate wing. There is, however, some evidence that early lesions of the visual cortex can occasionally induce the formation of novel retinal projections to the LP nucleus. Given the importance of knowing the connectivity pattern of the LP-pulvinar complex in intact and lesioned animals, we used the B fragment of cholera toxin, a sensitive anterograde tracer, to reinvestigate the retinal projections to the LP-pulvinar in normal cats and in cats with early unilateral lesions of the visual cortex (areas 17 and 18). Immunohistochemical localization of the toxin was performed to show the distribution and morphology of retinofugal terminals. A direct bilateral but predominantly contralateral retinal projection reached the caudal portion of LPl and LPm in the form of patches located mainly along its dorsomedial surface and many scattered terminals. The distribution of retinal projections to LP-pulvinar in intact and operated cats did not differ. Contrary to what had been previously reported, we found no evidence for lesion-induced sprouting of retinal axons in these higher-order thalamic nuclei. Retinal input to the LP-pulvinar might modulate visual responses driven by primary visual cortex or superior colliculus.     

骶后孔(八髎穴)的临床应用解剖学

目的 :为八穴的针灸推拿以及骶后神经和骶管麻醉提供解剖学依据。方法 :我们测量了 30例骶骨标本 ,将骶后中线定为Y轴 ,将通过两骶角的连线定为X轴 ,测定骶后孔中点至两轴的距离 ;并测量骶后孔的口径 ,骶后孔中点至相应骶前孔中点的间距以及每侧 1～ 2 ,3～ 4骶后孔中点间距。结果 :根据统计分析 ,我们确定了两种骶后孔定位方法 ,取得了 1～ 2 ,3～ 4骶后孔中点间距的数值 ;4对骶后孔口径的大小顺序是 :1孔 >2孔 >4孔 >3孔。结论 :两种定位方法可帮助医生对骶后孔进行更为准确的定位 ,避免一些给患者带来的损伤 ,可使一些医疗麻醉等措施得以成功实施 ,有助于提高临床疗效     

内耳门周结构对内镜下脑桥小脑三角区手术的影响

目的：研究内耳门周结构对颞骨径路内镜下处理脑桥小脑三角区病变手术的影响，为临床开展相应手术提供参考。方法：在20例40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路内窥镜手术，观察小脑下前动脉及内耳门后唇的变异，了解其对内窥镜导入及其手术的影响。结果：内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3以上者占27．5％(11侧)。小脑下前动脉在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经外侧成袢者占22．5％(9侧)。内耳门后唇隆起合并小脑下前动脉袢在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之外侧者占7．5％(3侧)。结论：当内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3或小脑下前动脉弓在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之前时将对内窥镜导入有阻碍，当两种情况合并存在时要将内窥镜导入脑桥小脑三角区相当困难，不宜采用此种手术方式。     

股后区主要穿支的形态学分析与皮瓣设计

目的：为股后区穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法：6具（12侧）动脉灌注明胶．氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本，解剖观测股后区外径≥0．5mm的穿支，测量其管径及其走行、分支与分布情况等。取下整个下肢被覆组织拍摄X线片，观测皮动脉的数量以及彼此间的吻合情况等。利用Photoshop与Scion Image分析穿支供血的趋向性及每个分支的供血面积等。结果：股后区共有穿支（外径≥0．5mm）27支，其中65％为皮穿支，35％为肌皮穿支。平均外径为0．8mm，平均蒂长为2．93cm。自股深动脉之穿动脉发出者平均长度为6．81cm。每侧穿动脉在股后区供血面积平均为229cm^2，平均每个穿支供血面积为43cm^2。结论：股后区的皮肤穿支管径较粗，营养皮肤面积较大，以股后诸穿支为蒂设计的穿支皮瓣可为下肢或身体其它部位皮肤移植提供：①游离皮瓣；②近端蒂皮瓣；③远端蒂皮瓣。     

脊神经后支形态特点及其阻滞麻醉下腰椎间盘手术4063例报告

目的 :介绍一种安全、简便、有效的腰椎间盘手术的局麻方法—脊神经后支阻滞法。方法 :0 .5 %普鲁卡因 10 0ml和 2 %利多卡因 2 0ml混合备用。先在切口处皮内注射 5ml麻药 ,再于开窗侧阻滞 5根脊神经后支主干 (上 3下 2 ) ,麻药用量 3～ 5ml。脊神经后支主干位于横突根部上缘。其体表投影点的确定方法是通过上下棘突连线的上中 1 3交界点作一水平线 ,该线是横突的上缘线的体表投影 ;旁开腰 1棘突 2cm取一点 ;再旁开腰 5棘突 3cm取一点 ;通过这两点作一直线 ,该线与各横线的交点即为各脊神经后支主干部的发出点。结果 :40 63例麻醉效果 :优 72 .2 % ,良 2 4.6% ,中 3 % ,差 0 .2 %。效果差者 ,经静脉使用镇痛镇静类药也取得较好效果。结论 :腰椎间盘手术采用脊神经后支阻滞麻醉经济安全可靠。     

Isolation and immunochemical characterization of the major allergen of birch pollen (Betula verrucosa)

The classification of some of the extractable birch pollen antigens as allergens was established by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). In CRIE the major allergen (antigen 23) exhibited the strongest “radiostaining” and only a few other components of birch pollen extract were visibly radiostained. The major allergen and a preparation containing mainly the minor allergens, antigens 25 and 19, were isolated from a crude aqueous birch pollen extract by a combination of anion-exchange, size-exclusion, and chelate chromatography. Antigen 23 was purified to near homogeneity. The molecular weights and the pIs of antigens 23, 25, and 19 were determined to be 17,000 daltons, pI 5.25 (5.5, 5.0); 25,000 daltons, pI 5.0 (4.9, 5.4); and 29,000 daltons, pI 6.2 (5.4), respectively. The classification of antigen 23 as the major allergen in birch pollen was supported by results of RAST inhibition experiments, RAST screening, and skin prick testing.     

脊髓动脉的显微解剖

在手术显微镜下观察了37例婴幼儿脊髓前(正中)动脉和脊髓后(外侧)动脉的分支,其主要结果如下:婴幼儿脊髓平均长度为14.08±1.49cm,脊髓前(正中)动脉外侧分支平均为76.17±18.64支,中央动脉平均为169.78±25.51支.中央动脉分布到灰质前角、侧角和后角底部及邻近灰质的深层白质,而白质浅层和后角大部,则由软膜动脉网发出的穿支供应.此外.还讨论了与临床应用有关的问题.     

前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的:为前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法:30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂后皮神经营养血管的来源、分支、吻合及其与尺、桡骨膜血管的关系。结果:前臂后皮神经营养血管来自:桡侧副动脉皮支2～6支,外径(0.6±0.3) mm;骨间后动脉皮支6～9支,外径(0.7±0.3) mm;骨间前动脉腕背支皮支3~5支,外径(0.8±0.2) mm;尺、桡动脉腕背支皮支2~6支,外径(0.6±0.1) mm。尺骨中上段骨膜血管来自骨间后动脉的肌骨膜支6～8支,外径0.3～1.0 mm;骨间后动脉桡侧骨皮支与桡骨中段裸区骨膜血管吻合。上述支发出皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支和神经营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论:前臂后皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,适宜手背远处的组织缺损修复。     

带蒂股后皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：报道股后皮神经营养血管带蒂皮瓣的解剖特点与临床应用疗效。方法：在10侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本上，解剖观测股后皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围，设计股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转移修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损6例。结果：股后皮神经营养血管主要来源臀下动脉、穿动脉和腘动脉后侧穿支的升皮支，并在股后区形成网状吻合营养股后侧皮肤。皮瓣5例全部成活，1例皮瓣远端少量坏死，换药后愈合。经12～44个月随访，皮瓣无破溃，膝、髋关节功能活动良好。结论：股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位是一种修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损良好的方法。